PMID- 34453554
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20211026
LR  - 20211026
IS  - 1432-1106 (Electronic)
IS  - 0014-4819 (Linking)
VI  - 239
IP  - 11
DP  - 2021 Nov
TI  - Cortical preparatory activity during motor learning reflects visuomotor retention 
      deficits after punishment feedback.
PG  - 3243-3254
LID - 10.1007/s00221-021-06200-x [doi]
AB  - Previous studies have shown that reinforcement-based motor learning requires the 
      brain to process feedback-related information after movement execution. However, 
      whether reinforcement feedback changes how the brain processes motor preparation 
      before movement execution is unclear. By using electroencephalography (EEG), this 
      study investigates whether reinforcement feedback changes cortical preparatory 
      activity to modulate motor learning and memory. Human subjects were divided in 
      three groups [reward, punishment, control] to perform a visuomotor rotation task 
      under different conditions that assess adaptation (learning) and retention 
      (memory) during the task. Reinforcement feedback was provided in the form of 
      points after each trial that signaled monetary gains (reward) or losses 
      (punishment). EEG was utilized to evaluate the amplitude of movement readiness 
      potentials (MRPs) at the beginning of each trial for each group during the 
      adaptation and retention conditions of the task. The results show that punishment 
      feedback significantly decreased MRPs amplitude during both task conditions 
      compared to Reward and Control groups. Moreover, the punishment-related decrease 
      in MRPs amplitude paralleled decreases in motor performance during the retention 
      but not the adaptation condition. No changes in MRPs or motor performance were 
      observed in the Reward group. These results support the idea that reinforcement 
      feedback modulates motor preparation and suggest that changes in cortical 
      preparatory activity contribute to the visuomotor retention deficits observed 
      after punishment feedback.
CI  - (c) 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, 
      part of Springer Nature.
FAU - Hill, Christopher M
AU  - Hill CM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0043-8753
AD  - Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, 228 Anderson 
      Hall, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA. chill8@niu.edu.
FAU - Waddell, Dwight E
AU  - Waddell DE
AD  - Biomedical Engineering, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA.
FAU - Del Arco, Alberto
AU  - Del Arco A
AD  - Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, 
      Oxford, MS, USA.
AD  - Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 
      Jackson, MS, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210828
PL  - Germany
TA  - Exp Brain Res
JT  - Experimental brain research
JID - 0043312
SB  - IM
MH  - Adaptation, Physiological
MH  - Electroencephalography
MH  - Feedback
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Psychomotor Performance
MH  - *Punishment
MH  - Reward
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Electroencephalography
OT  - Motor learning
OT  - Motor retention
OT  - Movement readiness potentials
OT  - Reinforcement feedback
EDAT- 2021/08/29 06:00
MHDA- 2021/10/27 06:00
CRDT- 2021/08/28 12:07
PHST- 2021/03/06 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/08/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/08/29 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/10/27 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/08/28 12:07 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/s00221-021-06200-x [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s00221-021-06200-x [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Exp Brain Res. 2021 Nov;239(11):3243-3254. doi: 10.1007/s00221-021-06200-x. Epub 
      2021 Aug 28.