PMID- 34479042
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20211104
LR  - 20211111
IS  - 1873-1716 (Electronic)
IS  - 0167-5877 (Print)
IS  - 0167-5877 (Linking)
VI  - 196
DP  - 2021 Nov
TI  - Household and animal factors associated with sheeppox and goatpox sero-prevalence 
      and identification of high-risk areas in selected States of northern Nigeria.
PG  - 105473
LID - S0167-5877(21)00217-8 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105473 [doi]
LID - 105473
AB  - Sheeppox and goatpox (SGP) are transboundary, highly contagious diseases 
      affecting sheep and goats with characteristic clinical signs. SGP affect 
      populations of small ruminants in Africa, Asia and the Middle East and, as a 
      result, threaten farmers' livelihoods. Despite their importance, studies looking 
      at factors that increase the risk of sheeppox-virus (SPPV) and goatpox-virus 
      (GTPV) exposure and infection are limited. A cross-sectional study was conducted 
      in three states of Northern Nigeria (Bauchi, Kaduna and Plateau) to determine the 
      sero-prevalence and spatial patterns of SGP, and identify risk factors for 
      SPPV/GTPV exposure at animal and household level. Sera samples were collected 
      from 1,800 small ruminants from 300 households. Data on putative risk factors 
      were collected using a standardised questionnaire. Twenty-nine small ruminants 
      were sero-positive to SGP - apparent weighted sero-prevalence 2.0 %; 95 % C.I. 
      1.1-.3.0 %. Sero-positive animals came from 19 (6.3 %) households. Analysis of 
      the questionnaire showed that a fifth (20.3 %) of farmers claimed to have 
      experienced SGP outbreaks previously in their flocks, with 33 (1.8 %) of the 
      individual animals sampled in this study reported to have had clinical signs. At 
      animal level, the odds of being sero-positive were higher in older animals 
      (>24months; OR = 8.0, p = 0.008 vs </=24 months) and small ruminants with a history 
      of clinical SGP (OR = 16.9, p = 0.01). Bringing new small ruminants into the 
      household and having a history of SGP in the flock were the main factors 
      identified at household level. Households were less likely to be sero-positive if 
      the time between bringing animals into the household and sampling was over a year 
      (PR = 0.31, p = 0.05), while households with a history of SGP were more likely to 
      be sero-positive regardless of the timeframe. Important spatial heterogeneity was 
      found. The Bayes smooth rate ranged from 0.06 to 4.10 % across local government 
      areas (LGA), with LGA in the north-east or north-west of the study area 
      identified as hot-spots for SGP exposure. Results from this study shed new light 
      on the understanding of SGP epidemiology and provide key inputs to design 
      risk-based surveillance and intervention programmes in the area.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Adedeji, Adeyinka J
AU  - Adedeji AJ
AD  - National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
FAU - Ijoma, Sandra I
AU  - Ijoma SI
AD  - National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
FAU - Atai, Rebecca B
AU  - Atai RB
AD  - National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
FAU - Dogonyaro, Banenat B
AU  - Dogonyaro BB
AD  - National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
FAU - Adole, Jolly A
AU  - Adole JA
AD  - National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
FAU - Maurice, Nanven A
AU  - Maurice NA
AD  - National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
FAU - Osemeke, Onyekachukwu H
AU  - Osemeke OH
AD  - National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
FAU - Waziri, Ibrahim A
AU  - Waziri IA
AD  - National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
FAU - Atuman, Yakubu J
AU  - Atuman YJ
AD  - National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
FAU - Lyons, Nicholas A
AU  - Lyons NA
AD  - The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK; European Commission for the Control of 
      Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United 
      Nations, Rome, Italy.
FAU - Stevens, Kim B
AU  - Stevens KB
AD  - The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK.
FAU - Beard, Philippa M
AU  - Beard PM
AD  - The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK; The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) 
      School of Veterinary Studies, Midlothian, UK.
FAU - Limon, Georgina
AU  - Limon G
AD  - The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK; The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, 
      UK. Electronic address: georgina.limon-vega@pirbright.ac.uk.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210824
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Prev Vet Med
JT  - Preventive veterinary medicine
JID - 8217463
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Bayes Theorem
MH  - Capripoxvirus
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - *Goat Diseases/epidemiology/virology
MH  - Goats
MH  - Nigeria/epidemiology
MH  - Poxviridae Infections/*epidemiology
MH  - Prevalence
MH  - Sheep
MH  - *Sheep Diseases/epidemiology/virology
PMC - PMC8573585
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Goatpox
OT  - Nigeria
OT  - Risk factors
OT  - Sero-prevalence
OT  - Sheeppox
OT  - Subsistence farmers
COIS- The authors report no declarations of interest.
EDAT- 2021/09/04 06:00
MHDA- 2021/11/05 06:00
PMCR- 2021/11/01
CRDT- 2021/09/03 20:21
PHST- 2021/02/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/08/03 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/08/21 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/09/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/11/05 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/09/03 20:21 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/11/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S0167-5877(21)00217-8 [pii]
AID - 105473 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105473 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Prev Vet Med. 2021 Nov;196:105473. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105473. Epub 
      2021 Aug 24.