PMID- 34482138
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20211117
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 803
DP  - 2022 Jan 10
TI  - Illicit drug use in Reykjavik by wastewater-based epidemiology.
PG  - 149795
LID - S0048-9697(21)04870-1 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149795 [doi]
AB  - Estimation of illicit drug use on a community level by wastewater-based 
      epidemiology (WBE) is both an objective and reliable way to establish near 
      real-time results. Wastewater samples were collected at eleven timepoints in 
      Reykjavik from 2017 to 2020. The use of commonly abused illicit drugs in Iceland 
      (amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine, 
      and cannabis) was estimated. Solid phase extraction and ultra-high performance 
      liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used for analysis. 
      Estimated amphetamine and methamphetamine use showed signs of an increase from 
      2017 to 2020 with amphetamine being the dominant stimulant on the market. MDMA 
      use remained stable from 2017 to 2020. Results showed a large increase in cocaine 
      use from 2017 to 2019 but interestingly, a marked decrease in 2020 during the 
      COVID-19 pandemic. Cannabis use was stable from 2017 to 2019 but showed signs of 
      an increase during the pandemic in 2020. Results by WBE corresponded with data 
      based on two other indicators of drug use, seizure data and driving under the 
      influence cases. Both temporal and spatial trends in illicit drug use were 
      successfully estimated by using WBE, complimenting other indicators which 
      provided a comprehensive picture of drug abuse in Reykjavik.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Love, Arndis Sue Ching
AU  - Love ASC
AD  - University of Iceland, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hofsvallagata 
      53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland. Electronic address: asl2@hi.is.
FAU - Asgrimsson, Valthornor
AU  - Asgrimsson V
AD  - University of Iceland, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hofsvallagata 
      53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
FAU - Olafsdottir, Kristin
AU  - Olafsdottir K
AD  - University of Iceland, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hofsvallagata 
      53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210821
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Illicit Drugs
MH  - Pandemics
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection
MH  - *Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology
MH  - Wastewater/analysis
MH  - Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Driving under the influence
OT  - Drug consumption
OT  - Drug seizures
OT  - Illicit drugs
OT  - Wastewater-based epidemiology
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2021/09/06 06:00
MHDA- 2021/11/18 06:00
CRDT- 2021/09/05 20:45
PHST- 2021/05/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/08/15 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/08/16 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/09/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/11/18 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/09/05 20:45 [entrez]
AID - S0048-9697(21)04870-1 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149795 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2022 Jan 10;803:149795. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149795. 
      Epub 2021 Aug 21.