PMID- 34506976 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20211116 LR - 20211116 IS - 1878-7568 (Electronic) IS - 1742-7061 (Linking) VI - 135 DP - 2021 Nov TI - Engineered exosome-like nanovesicles suppress tumor growth by reprogramming tumor microenvironment and promoting tumor ferroptosis. PG - 567-581 LID - S1742-7061(21)00591-2 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.09.003 [doi] AB - Tumor vaccines that induce effective and sustained antitumor immunity are highly promising for cancer therapy. However, the antitumor potential of these vaccines is weakened due to the immunosuppressive characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most abundant stromal cells within the TME; they play an important role in tumor growth, metastasis, immunosuppression, and drug resistance. Fibroblast activation protein-alpha (FAP) is overexpressed in CAFs in more than 90% of human tumor tissues. Further, FAP(+)CAFs are an ideal interstitial target for the immunotherapy of solid tumors. Exosomes derived from tumor cells contain many tumor antigens, which can be used as the basis of tumor vaccines that elicit strong antitumor immunity. Almost all exosome-based cancer vaccines have been designed and developed for tumor parenchymal cells. Moreover, the exosome production is very low and the purification is very difficult, limiting their clinical application as tumor vaccines. In this study, we developed FAP gene-engineered tumor cell-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (eNVs-FAP) as a tumor vaccine that can be prepared easily and in large quantities. The eNVs-FAP vaccine inhibited tumor growth by inducing strong and specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immune responses against tumor cells and FAP(+)CAFs and reprogramming the immunosuppressive TME in the colon, melanoma, lung, and breast cancer models. Moreover, eNVs-FAP vaccine-activated cellular immune responses could promote tumor ferroptosis by releasing interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) from CTLs and depleting FAP(+)CAFs. Thus, eNVs-FAP is a candidate tumor vaccine targeting both the tumor parenchyma and the stroma. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Nanovaccines can activate immune cells and promote an antitumor immune response. In this study, we developed the fibroblast activation protein-alpha (FAP) gene-engineered tumor cell-derived exosome-like vesicle vaccines (eNVs-FAP). A large number of eNVs-FAP were obtained by continuously squeezing FAP gene-engineered tumor cells. eNVs-FAP showed excellent antitumor effects in a variety of tumor-bearing mouse models. The mechanistic analysis showed that eNVs-FAP promoted the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), increased the infiltration of effector T cells into target tumor cells and FAP-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts (FAP(+)CAFs), and reduced the proportion of immunosuppressive cells, including M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (M2-TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs), in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Moreover, the clearance of FAP(+)CAFs helped enhance interferon-gamma-induced tumor cell ferroptosis. CI - Copyright (c) 2021 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. FAU - Hu, Shichuan AU - Hu S AD - State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China. FAU - Ma, Jinhu AU - Ma J AD - State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China. FAU - Su, Chao AU - Su C AD - State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China. FAU - Chen, Yanwei AU - Chen Y AD - State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China. FAU - Shu, Yongheng AU - Shu Y AD - State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China. FAU - Qi, Zhongbing AU - Qi Z AD - State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China. FAU - Zhang, Bin AU - Zhang B AD - State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China. FAU - Shi, Gang AU - Shi G AD - State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China. FAU - Zhang, Yan AU - Zhang Y AD - Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China. FAU - Zhang, Yuwei AU - Zhang Y AD - Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China. FAU - Huang, Anliang AU - Huang A AD - Department of Pathology, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu 610041, PR China. FAU - Kuang, Yueting AU - Kuang Y AD - State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China. FAU - Cheng, Ping AU - Cheng P AD - State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China. Electronic address: ping.cheng@foxmail.com. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20210908 PL - England TA - Acta Biomater JT - Acta biomaterialia JID - 101233144 RN - 0 (Cancer Vaccines) SB - IM MH - Animals MH - *Cancer Vaccines MH - Cell Line, Tumor MH - *Exosomes MH - *Ferroptosis MH - Mice MH - *Neoplasms/therapy MH - Tumor Microenvironment OTO - NOTNLM OT - Cancer-associated fibroblasts OT - Exosome-like vaccine OT - FAP OT - Ferroptosis OT - Tumor microenvironment COIS- Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. EDAT- 2021/09/11 06:00 MHDA- 2021/11/17 06:00 CRDT- 2021/09/10 20:15 PHST- 2021/05/11 00:00 [received] PHST- 2021/09/02 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2021/09/02 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2021/09/11 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2021/11/17 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2021/09/10 20:15 [entrez] AID - S1742-7061(21)00591-2 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.09.003 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Acta Biomater. 2021 Nov;135:567-581. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.09.003. Epub 2021 Sep 8.