PMID- 34509453
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20211125
LR  - 20211125
IS  - 1873-6254 (Electronic)
IS  - 0001-706X (Linking)
VI  - 224
DP  - 2021 Dec
TI  - Current status of human liver fluke infections in the Greater Mekong Subregion.
PG  - 106133
LID - S0001-706X(21)00312-0 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106133 [doi]
AB  - The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) is a trans-national region of the Mekong River 
      basin in Southeast Asia comprising Cambodia, the People's Republic of China 
      (specifically Yunnan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), Lao People's 
      Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam home to more than 
      340 million people or almost 4.5% of the global population. Human liver fluke 
      infections caused by Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis have been 
      major public health problems in this region for decades. Opisthorchiasis caused 
      by O. viverrini is prevalent in Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia and central-southern 
      Vietnam with more than 12 million people infected. Clonorchiasis caused by C. 
      sinensis is endemic in northern Vietnam and Guangxi with estimated 3.5 -5 million 
      infected. The infections can cause several liver and biliary diseases such as 
      cholangitis, periductal fibrosis, gallstones, and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a 
      fatal bile duct cancer. Key determinants of the geographical distribution 
      differences of the two liver fluke species are snail species and geographic 
      barriers. Main risk behaviour of the infections is the culture of eating raw fish 
      "the raw attitude" of people in the GMS, especially the Tai/Dai/Thai/Laos ethnic 
      groups, the major population in the GMS. Over the past 20 years, there is a big 
      change in prevalence of the infections. Opisthorchiasis has long been endemic, 
      particularly in northern and northeastern Thailand and Lao PDR with over 8-10 
      million cases estimated. However, after several rounds of national campaign 
      against opisthorchiasis using integrated control approach in Thailand over the 
      past three decades, the prevalence of O. viverrini infection has reduced from 
      over 15% in 1996 to 2.2% in 2019. High prevalence of O. viverrini infection 
      continues in Lao PDR and central Vietnam. Emerging high prevalence, up to a 
      maximum of 47.5%, has been noted in Cambodia during the past 10 years possibly 
      due to more studies being conducted rather than increasing prevalence. O. 
      viverrini infection has now also been reported in Lower Myanmar in recent years. 
      Clonorchiasis has been known in northern Vietnam and southern China for a long 
      time. Several surveys have reported infections in Guangxi in the last 10 years, 
      and until now liver fluke infected cases have not been reported in Yunnan. 
      Overall, nowadays, there is a shift in high risk areas for GMS liver fluke 
      infection from northeastern Thailand to Lao PDR, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, and 
      Guangxi P.R. China. Urgent systematic disease mapping and integrated liver fluke 
      control using One Health approaches should be implemented nationwide in GMS 
      countries.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Sripa, Banchob
AU  - Sripa B
AD  - WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast 
      Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Department of 
      Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. 
      Electronic address: banchob@kku.ac.th.
FAU - Suwannatrai, Apiporn T
AU  - Suwannatrai AT
AD  - Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 
      40002, Thailand.
FAU - Sayasone, Somphou
AU  - Sayasone S
AD  - Lao PDR Tropical and Public Health Institute, Samsenthai Road, Kaognot Village, 
      Sisattanak District, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR.
FAU - Do, Dung Trung
AU  - Do DT
AD  - National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology, and Entomology, Ministry of 
      Health, Vietnam.
FAU - Khieu, Virak
AU  - Khieu V
AD  - National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of 
      Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
FAU - Yang, Yichao
AU  - Yang Y
AD  - Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for 
      Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi 530021, China.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210910
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Acta Trop
JT  - Acta tropica
JID - 0370374
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - *Bile Duct Neoplasms
MH  - Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic
MH  - China
MH  - *Fasciola hepatica
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Opisthorchiasis/epidemiology
MH  - *Opisthorchis
MH  - Thailand
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Clonorchiasis
OT  - Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS)
OT  - Infection status
OT  - Liver flukes
OT  - Opisthorchiasis
EDAT- 2021/09/13 06:00
MHDA- 2021/11/26 06:00
CRDT- 2021/09/12 20:40
PHST- 2021/06/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/08/30 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/09/01 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/09/13 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/11/26 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/09/12 20:40 [entrez]
AID - S0001-706X(21)00312-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106133 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Acta Trop. 2021 Dec;224:106133. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106133. Epub 2021 
      Sep 10.