PMID- 34527224
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220104
LR  - 20220121
IS  - 2048-6790 (Electronic)
IS  - 2048-6790 (Linking)
VI  - 10
DP  - 2021
TI  - Estimates of fluid intake, urine output and hydration-levels in women from 
      Somaliland: a cross-sectional study.
PG  - e66
LID - 10.1017/jns.2021.54 [doi]
LID - e66
AB  - The study objective was to measure fluid intake and associations with background 
      characteristics and hydration biomarkers in healthy, free-living, non-pregnant 
      women aged 15-69 years from Hargeisa city. We also wanted to estimate the 
      proportion of euhydrated participants and corresponding biomarker cut-off values. 
      Data from 136 women, collected through diaries and questionnaires, 24h urine 
      samples and anthropometric measurements, were obtained with a cross-sectional, 
      purposeful sampling from fifty-two school and health clusters, representing 
      approximately 2250 women. The mean (95 % CI) 24 h total fluid intake (TFI) for 
      all women was 2⋅04 (1⋅88, 2⋅20) litres. In multivariate regression with weight, 
      age, parity and a chronic health problem, only weight remained a predictor (P 
      0.034, B 0.0156 (l/kg)). Pure water, Somali tea and juice from powder and syrup 
      represented 49⋅3, 24⋅6 and 11⋅7 % of TFI throughout the year, respectively. Mean 
      (95 % CI) 24 h urine volume (Uvol) was 1⋅28 (1⋅17, 1⋅39) litres. TFI correlated 
      strongly with 24 h urine units (r 0.67) and Uvol (r 0.59). Approximately 40 % of 
      the women showed inadequate hydration, using a threshold of urine specific 
      gravity (Usg) of 1⋅013 and urine colour (Ucol) of 4. Five percent had Usg > 1⋅020 
      and concomitant Ucol > 6, indicating dehydration. TFI lower cut-offs for 
      euhydrated, non-breast-feeding women were 1⋅77 litres and for breast-feeding, 
      2⋅13 litres. Euhydration cut-off for Uvol was 0⋅95 litre, equalling 9⋅2 urine 
      units. With the knowledge of adverse health effects of habitual hypohydration, 
      Somaliland women should be encouraged to a higher fluid intake.
CI  - (c) The Author(s) 2021.
FAU - Heen, Espen
AU  - Heen E
AD  - Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo. P.O. box 
      1130, Blindern, 0318Oslo, Norway.
FAU - Yassin, Amal A
AU  - Yassin AA
AD  - Department of Women's Health, Manhal hospital, Hargeisa, Somaliland.
FAU - Madar, Ahmed A
AU  - Madar AA
AD  - Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo. P.O. box 
      1130, Blindern, 0318Oslo, Norway.
FAU - Romoren, Maria
AU  - Romoren M
AD  - Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo. P.O. box 
      1130, Blindern, 0318Oslo, Norway.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20210820
PL  - England
TA  - J Nutr Sci
JT  - Journal of nutritional science
JID - 101590587
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - Aged
MH  - Biomarkers/urine
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - *Dehydration/epidemiology
MH  - *Drinking
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Osmolar Concentration
MH  - Somalia/epidemiology
MH  - Water-Electrolyte Balance
MH  - Young Adult
PMC - PMC8411265
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - 24-h urine volume
OT  - BFQ, beverage frequency questionnaire
OT  - Beverages
OT  - Dehydration
OT  - MCH, mother-child health clinics
OT  - PWI, plain water intake
OT  - Somaliland
OT  - TFI, total fluid intake
OT  - TWI, total water intake
OT  - Total fluid intake
OT  - Ucol, urine colour
OT  - Uosm, urine osmolality
OT  - Urine colour
OT  - Usg, urine specific gravity
OT  - Uvol, urine volume
OT  - Women
EDAT- 2021/09/17 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/05 06:00
PMCR- 2021/01/01
CRDT- 2021/09/16 07:08
PHST- 2021/06/01 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/07/16 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/09/16 07:08 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/09/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/05 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S2048679021000549 [pii]
AID - 10.1017/jns.2021.54 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - J Nutr Sci. 2021 Aug 20;10:e66. doi: 10.1017/jns.2021.54. eCollection 2021.