PMID- 34527535
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20210917
IS  - 2223-3652 (Print)
IS  - 2223-3660 (Electronic)
IS  - 2223-3652 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 4
DP  - 2021 Aug
TI  - Prognostic biomarkers in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension.
PG  - 1089-1101
LID - 10.21037/cdt-20-374 [doi]
AB  - Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive life-threatening disease 
      of the pulmonary vasculature. Despite the introduction of targeted therapies, 
      prognosis remains poor. In pediatric PAH, reliable prognostic biomarkers are 
      needed to inform clinicians on disease progression and risk of mortality, in 
      order to be able to assess the need for escalation of medical therapy, consider 
      surgical options such as Pott's shunt and listing for (heart)-lung 
      transplantation. This review provides an overview of prognostic biomarkers that 
      are considered to carry potential for the clinical management of pediatric PAH. 
      These include conventional physiological biomarkers [resting heart rate, heart 
      rate variability (HRV), a child's growth], biomarkers of functional status [World 
      Health Organization functional class, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), parameters 
      derived from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), daily physical activity 
      level], electrocardiographic biomarkers, circulating serum biomarkers 
      (natriuretic peptides, uric acid, neurohormones, inflammatory markers, and novel 
      circulating biomarkers), and multiple hemodynamic biomarkers and imaging 
      biomarkers [echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)]. In recent 
      years, many potential prognostic biomarkers have become available for the 
      management of PAH in children. As the available prognostic biomarkers reflect 
      different aspects of the disease process and functional implications, a 
      multi-marker approach appears the most useful for guiding therapy decisions and 
      improve outcome in pediatric PAH.
CI  - 2021 Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. All rights reserved.
FAU - Ploegstra, Mark-Jan
AU  - Ploegstra MJ
AD  - Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix 
      Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center 
      Groningen, The Netherlands.
FAU - Berger, Rolf M F
AU  - Berger RMF
AD  - Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix 
      Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center 
      Groningen, The Netherlands.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - China
TA  - Cardiovasc Diagn Ther
JT  - Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy
JID - 101601613
PMC - PMC8410486
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Biomarkers
OT  - outcome
OT  - pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (pediatric PAH)
OT  - prognosis
COIS- Conflicts of Interest: Both authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure 
      form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/cdt-20-374). The series "Pediatric 
      Pulmonary Hypertension" was commissioned by the editorial office without any 
      funding or sponsorship. RMFB reports other from Actelion, other from Lilly, other 
      from GSK, other from Pfizer, outside the submitted work. MJP has no conflicts of 
      interest to declare.
EDAT- 2021/09/17 06:00
MHDA- 2021/09/17 06:01
PMCR- 2021/08/01
CRDT- 2021/09/16 07:16
PHST- 2020/03/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/04/29 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/09/16 07:16 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/09/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/09/17 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/08/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - cdt-11-04-1089 [pii]
AID - 10.21037/cdt-20-374 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2021 Aug;11(4):1089-1101. doi: 10.21037/cdt-20-374.