PMID- 34534788
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20211018
LR  - 20211018
IS  - 1873-6750 (Electronic)
IS  - 0160-4120 (Linking)
VI  - 157
DP  - 2021 Dec
TI  - Exposure to black carbon is associated with symptoms of depression: A 
      retrospective cohort study in college students.
PG  - 106870
LID - S0160-4120(21)00495-5 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106870 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have revealed a significant association of fine 
      particulate matter (PM(2.5)) with emotional disorders. However, as a crucial 
      component of PM(2.5), little is known about the potential effect of exposure to 
      black carbon (BC) on the symptoms of depression and anxiety. OBJECTIVES: To 
      explore the associations of long-term exposure to BC during the past six years 
      with the current symptoms of depression and anxiety in a group of incoming 
      college students. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of incoming 
      students in five universities of China. Symptoms of depression and anxiety during 
      the past two weeks were measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) 
      and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2 (GAD-2), respectively. Levels of BC and 
      other environmental factors during 2013  approximately  2018 (six years prior to the 
      recruitment) was obtained from public repositories and linked to individual data 
      by home addresses. Averagely daily dose of BC exposure was estimated according to 
      the respiratory rate. Demographic and behavioral variables were collected through 
      a questionnaire. The associations of BC with symptoms of depression and anxiety 
      were estimated by mixed linear models adjusting for socioeconomic and behavioral 
      characteristics, and the principal components of multiple environmental 
      exposures. Subgroup analysis was conducted to assess the effect modification by 
      covariates. Overall effect of environmental mixture was evaluated by weighted 
      quantile sum (WQS) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). RESULTS: A 
      total of 20,079 participants was included in the current study. After adjustment 
      for covariates, long-term BC exposure was significantly associated with symptoms 
      of depression (beta = 0.17, P < 0.001) but not anxiety (beta = 0.07, P = 0.125). Effect 
      modification by sex and parental educational level: BC was correlated with 
      depressive symptoms in women (beta = 0.23, P < 0.001) but not in men (beta = 0.04, 
      P = 0.581), and higher educational level was associated with decreased effect 
      sizes of BC. Sensitivity analysis showed that the acute and short-term effects of 
      BC on depression was consistent with its long-term exposure (beta varied from 0.18 
      to 0.20). WQS identified BC as the primary pollutant in association with symptoms 
      of depression but not anxiety. BKMR identified no significant interaction between 
      BC and other exposures. CONCLUSION: Exposure to BC is associated with symptoms of 
      depression but not anxiety in college students, and the relationship is modified 
      by sex and education.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
FAU - Shen, Minxue
AU  - Shen M
AD  - Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public 
      Health, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Dermatology, 
      Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, 
      Central South University, Changsha, China. Electronic address: 
      shenmx1988@csu.edu.cn.
FAU - Gu, Xiaoyu
AU  - Gu X
AD  - Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and 
      Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
FAU - Li, Shenxin
AU  - Li S
AD  - Department of Surveying and Remote Sensing Science, School of Geosciences and 
      Info-physics, Central South University, Changsha, China.
FAU - Yu, Yu
AU  - Yu Y
AD  - Division of Prevention and Community Research, Department of Psychiatry, Yale 
      School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America.
FAU - Zou, Bin
AU  - Zou B
AD  - Department of Surveying and Remote Sensing Science, School of Geosciences and 
      Info-physics, Central South University, Changsha, China. Electronic address: 
      210010@csu.edu.cn.
FAU - Chen, Xiang
AU  - Chen X
AD  - Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and 
      Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. Electronic 
      address: chenxiangck@csu.edu.cn.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20210914
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Environ Int
JT  - Environment international
JID - 7807270
RN  - 0 (Air Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Particulate Matter)
RN  - 7440-44-0 (Carbon)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Air Pollutants/analysis
MH  - Bayes Theorem
MH  - Carbon
MH  - *Depression/epidemiology
MH  - Environmental Exposure/adverse effects/analysis
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Particulate Matter/analysis
MH  - Retrospective Studies
MH  - Students
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Anxiety
OT  - Black carbon
OT  - Cohort study
OT  - College student
OT  - Depression
EDAT- 2021/09/18 06:00
MHDA- 2021/10/21 06:00
CRDT- 2021/09/17 20:19
PHST- 2021/04/02 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/07/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/09/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/09/18 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/10/21 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/09/17 20:19 [entrez]
AID - S0160-4120(21)00495-5 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106870 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Int. 2021 Dec;157:106870. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106870. Epub 2021 
      Sep 14.