PMID- 34556948
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220426
IS  - 0972-7531 (Print)
IS  - 0976-3260 (Electronic)
IS  - 0972-7531 (Linking)
VI  - 27
IP  - 3-4
DP  - 2020 Jul
TI  - Garcinia kola Attenuates MDMA-Induced Neuroinflammation in the CA1 Region of the 
      Hippocampus in the Rat Model.
PG  - 104-113
LID - 10.1177/0972753120966852 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Garcinia kola (GK) has been experimentally tested for its potential 
      usefulness against oxidative stress-related disorders in a number of body 
      tissues, as well as a number of pathogenic and parasitic diseases. Studies 
      investigating GK extracts' usefulness in combating nervous tissue toxicity, 
      neuroinflammatory disorders, and neuronal degeneration are still inadequate and 
      not yet conclusive. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of 
      3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced neuroinflammation on the 
      pyramidal neurons and astrocytes of the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region of the 
      hippocampus and the role of GK extract (GKE) in attenuating the effects in the 
      rat model. METHODS: The study was carried out by using 60 healthy adult male 
      Wistar rats, which were randomly assigned into six groups, A, B, C, D, E, and F 
      (n = 10)-A (control), B (100 mg/kg body weight of GKE only), C (200 mg/kg body 
      weight of GKE only), D (20 mg/kg body weight of MDMA only), E (100 mg/kg body 
      weight of GKE and 20 mg/kg body weight of MDMA), and F (200 mg/kg body weight of 
      GKE and 20 mg/kg body weight of MDMA). Treatment was given for 21 days. Following 
      24 hours after the last administration, five rats in each group were anesthetized 
      with diether and perfused intracardially, and the brains were excised and fixed 
      in 10 percent neutral buffered formalin for the histological hematoxylin and 
      eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical glial fibrillary acidic proteins (GFAP). A 
      thin-slice coronal section of the brain was obtained at the level of the optic 
      chiasma and processed via the paraffin-embedding method. Also, the remaining five 
      brains were used to assess neurotransmitter levels (serotonin and dopamine) and 
      cytochrome c-oxidase. The statistical analysis was done using a one-way analysis 
      of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: A significant reduction (P < .05) in body weight 
      was observed in the group that was administered with MDMA when compared with the 
      control and the rest of the treated groups. Dopamine and serotonin levels were 
      significantly decreased (P < .05) in the MDMA-only group when compared with the 
      control and the rest of the treated groups. The control group and groups B, C, 
      and F showed intact pyramidal neurons, unlike group D, which showed vacuolated 
      and degenerating neurons. The expressions of vacuolation and degeneration in 
      group D were less than those in group E, which received a low dose of GKE and 
      MDMA.Hippocampal astrocytic expressions were significantly higher (P > .05) in 
      the MDMA-only group when compared with the control and other groups. CONCLUSION: 
      GKE has significant neuroprotective potential against MDMA-induced toxicity in 
      brain tissue. This is evident in its prevention of MDMA-induced oxidative stress, 
      pyramidal neuronal vacuolation, dispersion, and reactive astrogliosis in the CA1 
      region of the hippocampus. Our findings are dose-dependent, with 200 mg/kg of the 
      extract being novel. We, however, recommend further study into the mechanism of 
      action of GKE, on how it attenuates the astrocytic reaction caused by MDMA 
      exposure.
CI  - (c) 2021 Indian Academy of Neurosciences (IAN).
FAU - Olatunji, Sunday Yinka
AU  - Olatunji SY
AD  - Department of Anatomy, Ben Carson School of Medicine, Babcock University, 
      Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
FAU - Okoro, Iheanyichukwu
AU  - Okoro I
AD  - Department of Anatomy, Ben Carson School of Medicine, Babcock University, 
      Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
FAU - Owolabi, Joshua Oladele
AU  - Owolabi JO
AD  - Department of Anatomy, Ben Carson School of Medicine, Babcock University, 
      Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
FAU - Olanrewaju, John Afees
AU  - Olanrewaju JA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9540-4117
AD  - Department of Anatomy, Ben Carson School of Medicine, Babcock University, 
      Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
FAU - Adelodun, Stephen Taiye
AU  - Adelodun ST
AD  - Department of Anatomy, Ben Carson School of Medicine, Babcock University, 
      Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
FAU - Fabiyi, Sunday Oluseyi
AU  - Fabiyi SO
AD  - Department of Anatomy, Ben Carson School of Medicine, Babcock University, 
      Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210122
PL  - United States
TA  - Ann Neurosci
JT  - Annals of neurosciences
JID - 101523367
PMC - PMC8455002
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Garcinia kola
OT  - MDMA
OT  - astrocytes
OT  - hippocampus
OT  - neuroinflammation
COIS- The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the 
      research, authorship and/or publication of this article.
EDAT- 2020/07/01 00:00
MHDA- 2020/07/01 00:01
PMCR- 2020/07/01
CRDT- 2021/09/24 07:03
PHST- 2021/09/24 07:03 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/07/01 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/07/01 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 2020/07/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1177_0972753120966852 [pii]
AID - 10.1177/0972753120966852 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Ann Neurosci. 2020 Jul;27(3-4):104-113. doi: 10.1177/0972753120966852. Epub 2021 
      Jan 22.