PMID- 34574906
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20240403
IS  - 2227-9032 (Print)
IS  - 2227-9032 (Electronic)
IS  - 2227-9032 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 9
DP  - 2021 Aug 30
TI  - SARS-CoV-2: Origin, Intermediate Host and Allergenicity Features and Hypotheses.
LID - 10.3390/healthcare9091132 [doi]
LID - 1132
AB  - The goal of this study is to investigate the probable intermediate hosts and the 
      allergenicity of the notorious virus SARS-CoV-2 to understand how this virus 
      emerged. The phylogenetic analysis of the virus spike proteins indicates that 
      SARS-CoV-2 falls into various small subclades that include a bat coronavirus 
      RaTG13, suggesting bats as a likely natural origin. Refined alignment of the 
      spike protein in NCBI found several fragments that are specific to SARS-CoV-2 
      and/or SARS-CoV are specific to Rattus norvegicus and/or Mus musculus, suggesting 
      that rodents are the intermediate reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. To 
      evaluate the allergenicity values, the binding affinities of human leukocyte 
      antigen (HLA) class I or II molecules with the spike proteins were calculated, 
      and the results showed that both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV are predicted to bind to 
      fourteen HLA class I and II molecules with super-high HLA allele-peptide 
      affinities. The infection rate of individuals who have HLA alleles with very high 
      binding affinities who might become infected and develop into refractory patients 
      if there were no medical or non-medical interventions is about 7.36% and 4.78% of 
      Chinese and Americans, respectively. Extremely high temperature and exceptionally 
      low precipitation, the common climate factors between the outbreak sites of 
      COVID-19 in Wuhan in 2019 and SARS in Guangdong in 2002, might have promoted 
      coronavirus evolution into more virulent forms. Our hypothesis suggests that 
      early immunization with an allergenically-engineered virus, in combination with 
      continued surveillance of meteorological factors and viral mutations, may be one 
      of the most powerful prophylactic modalities to fight this virus.
FAU - Huang, Yuyi
AU  - Huang Y
AD  - The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, 
      Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou 
      Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
FAU - Xie, Junmou
AU  - Xie J
AD  - The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, 
      Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou 
      Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
FAU - Guo, Yuhe
AU  - Guo Y
AD  - The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, 
      Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou 
      Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
FAU - Sun, Weimin
AU  - Sun W
AD  - The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, 
      Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou 
      Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
FAU - He, Ying
AU  - He Y
AD  - The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, 
      Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou 
      Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
FAU - Liu, Kequn
AU  - Liu K
AD  - Wuhan Regional Climate Center, Wuhan 430074, China.
FAU - Yan, Jie
AU  - Yan J
AD  - The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, 
      Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou 
      Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
FAU - Tao, Ailin
AU  - Tao A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0584-921X
AD  - The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, 
      Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou 
      Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
FAU - Zhong, Nanshan
AU  - Zhong N
AD  - The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research 
      Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The 
      First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, 
      China.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210830
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Healthcare (Basel)
JT  - Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101666525
PMC - PMC8466535
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - MHC binding affinity
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - allergenicity
OT  - early immunization
OT  - intermediary reservoir
OT  - self-limitation
OT  - spike protein
OT  - spontaneous mutation
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/09/29 06:00
MHDA- 2021/09/29 06:01
PMCR- 2021/08/30
CRDT- 2021/09/28 01:14
PHST- 2020/11/13 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/08/26 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/08/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/09/28 01:14 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/09/29 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/09/29 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/08/30 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - healthcare9091132 [pii]
AID - healthcare-09-01132 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/healthcare9091132 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Healthcare (Basel). 2021 Aug 30;9(9):1132. doi: 10.3390/healthcare9091132.