PMID- 34575530
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20211001
IS  - 1999-4923 (Print)
IS  - 1999-4923 (Electronic)
IS  - 1999-4923 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 9
DP  - 2021 Sep 12
TI  - Dry Powder Inhalers in the Digitalization Era: Current Status and Future 
      Perspectives.
LID - 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091455 [doi]
LID - 1455
AB  - During the last decades, the term "drug delivery systems" (DDSs) has almost fully 
      replaced previously used terms, such as "dosage forms", in an attempt to 
      emphasize the importance of the drug carrier in ensuring the claimed safety and 
      effectiveness of the product. However, particularly in the case of delivery 
      devices, the term "system", which by definition implies a profound knowledge of 
      each single part and their interactions, is not always fully justified when using 
      the DDS term. Within this context, dry powder inhalers (DPIs), as systems to 
      deliver drugs via inhalation to the lungs, require a deep understanding of the 
      complex formulation-device-patient interplay. As of now and despite the progress 
      made in particle engineering and devices design, DPIs' clinical performance is 
      limited by variable patients' breathing patterns. To circumvent this pitfall, 
      next-generation DPIs should ideally adapt to the different respiratory capacity 
      of individuals across age, health conditions, and other related factors. In this 
      context, the recent wave of digitalization in the health care and industrial 
      sectors may drive DPI technology towards addressing a personalized 
      device-formulation-patient liaison. In this review, evolving technologies are 
      explored and analyzed to outline the progress made as well as the gaps to fill to 
      align novel DPIs technologies with the systems theory approach.
FAU - Xiroudaki, Styliani
AU  - Xiroudaki S
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, 
      Italy.
FAU - Schoubben, Aurelie
AU  - Schoubben A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2567-519X
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, 
      Italy.
FAU - Giovagnoli, Stefano
AU  - Giovagnoli S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5043-7233
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, 
      Italy.
FAU - Rekkas, Dimitrios M
AU  - Rekkas DM
AD  - Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, National & 
      Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210912
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Pharmaceutics
JT  - Pharmaceutics
JID - 101534003
PMC - PMC8467565
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - digitalization
OT  - drug delivery systems
OT  - dry powder inhalers
OT  - smart inhalers
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/09/29 06:00
MHDA- 2021/09/29 06:01
PMCR- 2021/09/12
CRDT- 2021/09/28 01:16
PHST- 2021/07/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/08/30 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/09/02 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/09/28 01:16 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/09/29 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/09/29 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/09/12 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - pharmaceutics13091455 [pii]
AID - pharmaceutics-13-01455 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091455 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Pharmaceutics. 2021 Sep 12;13(9):1455. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091455.