PMID- 34601084 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20220222 LR - 20231213 IS - 1872-7573 (Electronic) IS - 0378-8741 (Linking) VI - 283 DP - 2022 Jan 30 TI - The ethanol extract of flower buds of Tussilago farfara L. attenuates cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation through regulating NLRP3 inflammasome, Nrf2, and NF-kappaB. PG - 114694 LID - S0378-8741(21)00923-5 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114694 [doi] AB - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The flower buds of Tussilago farfara L. (Abbreviated as FTF) were widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat respiratory diseases, including asthma, dry throat, great thirst, turbid saliva, stinky pus, and coughs caused by various causes. AIM OF STUDY: The aim of study is to explore the efficiency of FTF in vitro and in vivo for the treatment of lung inflammation, and to illustrate the possible mechanisms of FTF in treating inflammation-related respiratory diseases targeting NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). METHODS: Lung inflammation model in vivo was induced by exposure of mice to cigarette smoke (CS) for two weeks. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), inflammatory factors, and histology in lung tissues were investigated in presence or absence of ethanol extract of the flower buds of T. farfara L. (FTF-EtOH). In the cell-based models, nitric oxide (NO) assay, flow cytometry assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa), and glutathione (GSH) assay were used to explore the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of FTF-EtOH. Possible anti-inflammatory mechanisms of FTF targeting NLRP3 inflammasome, Nrf2, and NF-kappaB have been determined using western blot, quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence assay, nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction, and ubiqutination assay. RESULTS: FTF-EtOH suppressed CS-induced overproduction of inflammatory factors [e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)], and upregulation of the content of intracellular MDA in the lung homogenate of mice. In cell-based models, FTF-EtOH reduced the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced overproduction of inflammatory factors, and attenuated the CS extract-induced overgeneration of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, FTF-EtOH up-regulated Nrf2 and its downstream genes through enhancing the stability of Nrf2 protein, and inhibited the activation of NF-kappaB and NLRP3 inflammasome, which have been confirmed by detecting the protein levels in the mouse model. CONCLUSIONS: FTF-EtOH effectively attenuated lung inflammation in vitro and in vivo. The protection of FTF-EtOH against inflammation was produced by activation of Nrf2 and inhibitions of NF-kappaB and NLRP3 inflammasome. These datas definitely support the ethnopharmacological use of FTF as an anti-inflammatory drug for treating respiratory diseases in TCM. CI - Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. FAU - Xu, Lin-Tao AU - Xu LT AD - Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China. FAU - Wang, Tian AU - Wang T AD - Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China. FAU - Fang, Kai-Li AU - Fang KL AD - Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China. FAU - Zhao, Yu AU - Zhao Y AD - Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China. FAU - Wang, Xiao-Ning AU - Wang XN AD - Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China. FAU - Ren, Dong-Mei AU - Ren DM AD - Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: rendom@sdu.edu.cn. FAU - Shen, Tao AU - Shen T AD - Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: shentao@sdu.edu.cn. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20210930 PL - Ireland TA - J Ethnopharmacol JT - Journal of ethnopharmacology JID - 7903310 RN - 0 (Plant Extracts) RN - 0 (Smoke) SB - IM MH - Animals MH - Cell Line MH - Cell Survival/drug effects MH - Epithelial Cells/drug effects MH - Flowers/chemistry MH - Humans MH - Inflammation/chemically induced/*drug therapy MH - Lung Diseases/chemically induced/*drug therapy MH - Male MH - Mice MH - Mice, Inbred C57BL MH - *Phytotherapy MH - Plant Extracts/chemistry/*therapeutic use MH - Respiratory Mucosa/cytology MH - Smoke/*adverse effects MH - Nicotiana MH - Tussilago/*chemistry OTO - NOTNLM OT - Lung inflammation OT - NF-kappaB OT - NLRP3 inflammasome OT - Nrf2 OT - Tussilago farfara L. EDAT- 2021/10/04 06:00 MHDA- 2022/02/23 06:00 CRDT- 2021/10/03 20:41 PHST- 2021/04/18 00:00 [received] PHST- 2021/09/13 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2021/09/27 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2021/10/04 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2022/02/23 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2021/10/03 20:41 [entrez] AID - S0378-8741(21)00923-5 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114694 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - J Ethnopharmacol. 2022 Jan 30;283:114694. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114694. Epub 2021 Sep 30.