PMID- 34606839
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220124
LR  - 20220124
IS  - 1096-0953 (Electronic)
IS  - 0013-9351 (Linking)
VI  - 204
IP  - Pt B
DP  - 2022 Mar
TI  - Health risks of inhalation exposure to BTEX in a municipal wastewater treatment 
      plant in Middle East city: Shiraz, Iran.
PG  - 112155
LID - S0013-9351(21)01456-0 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112155 [doi]
AB  - Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, known as BTEX, adversely affect human 
      health. This study aimed to measure BTEX concentration and assess the health risk 
      through inhalation exposure to these compounds in a municipal wastewater 
      treatment plant. The ambient air samples were collected using the active sampling 
      method in summer and winter. Sampling sites were close to wastewater treatment 
      units, including bar screen & grit chamber (Site-1), aeration tank & secondary 
      clarifiers (Site-2), anaerobic sludge digester (Site-3), and office & control 
      building (Site-4). Results indicate that the mean levels of benzene and toluene 
      in winter were higher than in summer. The levels of benzene and toluene were 
      below the occupational exposure levels of the American Conference of Governmental 
      Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration 
      (OSHA). The carcinogenic risk (CR) and hazard quotient (HQ) were assessed using 
      the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) method, and Monte 
      Carlo simulation (MCS) was applied to quantify the uncertainty and sensitivity 
      analysis. The CRs for all sampling sites were below the U.S.EPA threshold limit 
      (1.0 x 10(-4)). The HQ values for benzene nearby Site-2 were above 1.0, 
      indicating inhalation exposure could pose a health hazard. Besides, the HQ 
      results for exposure to toluene in all sampling sites were less than 1.0. The 
      sensitivity analysis had shown that the risk determinant for carcinogenic and 
      non-carcinogenic risk was exposure time, followed by concentration.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Dehghani, Mansooreh
AU  - Dehghani M
AD  - Research Center for Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, School 
      of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of 
      Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical 
      Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
FAU - Mohammadpour, Amin
AU  - Mohammadpour A
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz 
      University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
FAU - Abbasi, Alireza
AU  - Abbasi A
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz 
      University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
FAU - Rostami, Iman
AU  - Rostami I
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz 
      University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
FAU - Gharehchahi, Ehsan
AU  - Gharehchahi E
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz 
      University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Electronic address: 
      e.gharehchahi@yahoo.com.
FAU - Derakhshan, Zahra
AU  - Derakhshan Z
AD  - Research Center for Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, School 
      of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of 
      Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical 
      Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
FAU - Ferrante, Margherita
AU  - Ferrante M
AD  - Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical 
      Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public 
      Health, University of Catania, Italy.
FAU - Conti, Gea Oliveri
AU  - Conti GO
AD  - Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical 
      Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public 
      Health, University of Catania, Italy.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20211001
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Environ Res
JT  - Environmental research
JID - 0147621
RN  - 0 (Air Pollutants)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Air Pollutants/analysis
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Humans
MH  - Inhalation Exposure
MH  - Iran
MH  - Middle East
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - *Water Purification
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Air pollution
OT  - BTEX
OT  - Risk assessment
OT  - Wastewater treatment
EDAT- 2021/10/05 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/27 06:00
CRDT- 2021/10/04 20:14
PHST- 2021/06/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/09/27 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/09/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/10/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/27 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/10/04 20:14 [entrez]
AID - S0013-9351(21)01456-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112155 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Res. 2022 Mar;204(Pt B):112155. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112155. Epub 
      2021 Oct 1.