PMID- 34620977
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20211022
LR  - 20231102
IS  - 2045-2322 (Electronic)
IS  - 2045-2322 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 1
DP  - 2021 Oct 7
TI  - ATR-FTIR spectrum analysis of saliva samples from COVID-19 positive patients.
PG  - 19980
LID - 10.1038/s41598-021-99529-w [doi]
LID - 19980
AB  - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the latest biological hazard for the 
      novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Even though 
      numerous diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 have been proposed, new diagnosis 
      strategies are being developed, looking for less expensive methods to be used as 
      screening. This study aimed to establish salivary vibrational modes analyzed by 
      attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to 
      detect COVID-19 biological fingerprints that allow the discrimination between 
      COVID-19 and healthy patients. Clinical dates, laboratories, and saliva samples 
      of COVID-19 patients (N = 255) and healthy persons (N = 1209) were obtained and 
      analyzed through ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Then, a multivariate linear regression 
      model (MLRM) was developed. The COVID-19 patients showed low SaO(2), cough, 
      dyspnea, headache, and fever principally. C-reactive protein, lactate 
      dehydrogenase, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and ferritin were the most important altered 
      laboratory blood tests, which were increased. In addition, changes in amide I and 
      immunoglobulin regions were evidenced in the FTIR spectra analysis, and the MLRM 
      showed clear discrimination between both groups. Specific salivary vibrational 
      modes employing ATR-FTIR spectroscopy were established; moreover, the COVID-19 
      biological fingerprint in saliva was characterized, allowing the COVID-19 
      detection using an MLRM, which could be helpful for the development of new 
      diagnostic devices.
CI  - (c) 2021. The Author(s).
FAU - Martinez-Cuazitl, Adriana
AU  - Martinez-Cuazitl A
AD  - Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaria 
      de la Defensa Nacional, 11200, Mexico City, Mexico.
FAU - Vazquez-Zapien, Gustavo J
AU  - Vazquez-Zapien GJ
AD  - Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaria 
      de la Defensa Nacional, 11200, Mexico City, Mexico.
FAU - Sanchez-Brito, Miguel
AU  - Sanchez-Brito M
AD  - TecNM/Instituto Tecnologico de Aguascalientes, 20256, Aguascalientes, Mexico.
FAU - Limon-Pacheco, Jorge H
AU  - Limon-Pacheco JH
AD  - Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaria 
      de la Defensa Nacional, 11200, Mexico City, Mexico.
FAU - Guerrero-Ruiz, Melissa
AU  - Guerrero-Ruiz M
AD  - Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaria 
      de la Defensa Nacional, 11200, Mexico City, Mexico.
FAU - Garibay-Gonzalez, Francisco
AU  - Garibay-Gonzalez F
AD  - Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaria 
      de la Defensa Nacional, 11200, Mexico City, Mexico.
FAU - Delgado-Macuil, Raul J
AU  - Delgado-Macuil RJ
AD  - CIBA-Tlaxcala, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 90700, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
FAU - de Jesus, Maria G Garcia
AU  - de Jesus MGG
AD  - Universidad Politecnica de Cuautitlan Izcalli, 54760, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
FAU - Corona-Perezgrovas, Miguel A
AU  - Corona-Perezgrovas MA
AD  - Hospital Central Militar, Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional, 11200, Mexico City, 
      Mexico.
FAU - Pereyra-Talamantes, Armando
AU  - Pereyra-Talamantes A
AD  - Hospital Central Militar, Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional, 11200, Mexico City, 
      Mexico.
FAU - Mata-Miranda, Monica M
AU  - Mata-Miranda MM
AD  - Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaria 
      de la Defensa Nacional, 11200, Mexico City, Mexico. mmcmaribel@gmail.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20211007
PL  - England
TA  - Sci Rep
JT  - Scientific reports
JID - 101563288
RN  - 0 (Immunoglobulins)
RN  - S88TT14065 (Oxygen)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Aged
MH  - COVID-19/*diagnosis
MH  - COVID-19 Testing/*methods
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Immunoglobulins/analysis
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Oxygen/analysis
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
MH  - Saliva/*chemistry
MH  - Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared/*methods
PMC - PMC8497525
COIS- The authors declare no competing interests.
EDAT- 2021/10/09 06:00
MHDA- 2023/02/25 06:00
PMCR- 2021/10/07
CRDT- 2021/10/08 06:55
PHST- 2021/06/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/09/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/10/08 06:55 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/10/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/02/25 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/10/07 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1038/s41598-021-99529-w [pii]
AID - 99529 [pii]
AID - 10.1038/s41598-021-99529-w [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Sci Rep. 2021 Oct 7;11(1):19980. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99529-w.