PMID- 34621255
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20211009
IS  - 1664-302X (Print)
IS  - 1664-302X (Electronic)
IS  - 1664-302X (Linking)
VI  - 12
DP  - 2021
TI  - Adaptation of Staphylococcus aureus to the Human Skin Environment Identified 
      Using an ex vivo Tissue Model.
PG  - 728989
LID - 10.3389/fmicb.2021.728989 [doi]
LID - 728989
AB  - The healthy human epidermis provides physical protection and is impenetrable for 
      pathogenic microbes. Nevertheless, commensal and pathogen bacteria such as 
      Staphylococcus aureus are able to colonize the skin surface, which may 
      subsequently lead to infection. To identify and characterize regulatory elements 
      facilitating adaptation of S. aureus to the human skin environment we used ex 
      vivo tissue explants and quantified S. aureus gene transcription during 
      co-culture. This analysis provided evidence for a significant downregulation of 
      the global virulence regulator agr upon initial contact with skin, regardless of 
      the growth phase of S. aureus prior to co-culture. In contrast, the alternative 
      sigma factor B (sigB) and the antimicrobial peptide-sensing system (graRS) were 
      expressed during early colonization. Consistently, sigB target genes such as the 
      clumping factor A (clfA) and fibrinogen and fibronectin binding protein A (fnbA) 
      were strongly upregulated upon skin contact. At later timepoints of the adhesion 
      process, wall teichoic acid (WTA) synthesis was induced. Besides the expression 
      of adhesive molecules, transcription of molecules involved in immune evasion were 
      increased during late colonization (staphylococcal complement inhibitor and 
      staphylokinase). Similar to nasal colonization, enzymes involved in cell wall 
      metabolism (sceD and atlA) were highly transcribed. Finally, we detected a strong 
      expression of proteases from all three catalytic classes during the entire 
      colonization process. Taken together, we here present an ex vivo skin 
      colonization model that allows the detailed characterization of the bacterial 
      adaptation to the skin environment.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 Burian, Plange, Schmitt, Kaschke, Marquardt, Huth, Baron, 
      Hornef, Wolz and Yazdi.
FAU - Burian, Marc
AU  - Burian M
AD  - Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 
      Aachen, Germany.
FAU - Plange, Johanna
AU  - Plange J
AD  - Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 
      Aachen, Germany.
FAU - Schmitt, Laurenz
AU  - Schmitt L
AD  - Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 
      Aachen, Germany.
FAU - Kaschke, Anke
AU  - Kaschke A
AD  - Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 
      Aachen, Germany.
FAU - Marquardt, Yvonne
AU  - Marquardt Y
AD  - Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 
      Aachen, Germany.
FAU - Huth, Laura
AU  - Huth L
AD  - Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 
      Aachen, Germany.
FAU - Baron, Jens M
AU  - Baron JM
AD  - Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 
      Aachen, Germany.
FAU - Hornef, Mathias W
AU  - Hornef MW
AD  - Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, 
      Germany.
FAU - Wolz, Christiane
AU  - Wolz C
AD  - Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of 
      Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
FAU - Yazdi, Amir S
AU  - Yazdi AS
AD  - Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 
      Aachen, Germany.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210921
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Microbiol
JT  - Frontiers in microbiology
JID - 101548977
PMC - PMC8490888
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - accessory gene regulator (agr)
OT  - bacterial adhesion
OT  - colonization
OT  - ex vivo skin explant
OT  - global regulators
OT  - human skin (in vivo)
OT  - immune evasion
OT  - proteases
COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/10/09 06:00
MHDA- 2021/10/09 06:01
PMCR- 2021/09/21
CRDT- 2021/10/08 07:07
PHST- 2021/06/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/09/01 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/10/08 07:07 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/10/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/10/09 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/09/21 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fmicb.2021.728989 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Microbiol. 2021 Sep 21;12:728989. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.728989. 
      eCollection 2021.