PMID- 34624656
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20211111
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1879-2448 (Electronic)
IS  - 0043-1354 (Linking)
VI  - 206
DP  - 2021 Nov 1
TI  - Source identification of amphetamine-like stimulants in Spanish wastewater 
      through enantiomeric profiling.
PG  - 117719
LID - S0043-1354(21)00913-1 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117719 [doi]
AB  - Amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MAMP) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine 
      (MDMA) occur in wastewater not only as a result of illicit consumption, but also, 
      in some cases, from prescription drug use or by direct drug disposal into the 
      sewage system. Enantiomeric profiling of these chiral drugs could give more 
      insight into the origin of their occurrence. In this manuscript, a new analytical 
      methodology for the enantiomeric analysis of amphetamine-like substances in 
      wastewater has been developed. The method consists of a solid-phase extraction 
      (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass 
      spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which showed low quantification limits in the 2.4-5.5 ng 
      L(-1) range. The LC-MS/MS method was first applied to characterize a total of 38 
      solid street drug samples anonymously provided by consumers. The results of these 
      analysis showed that AMP and MDMA trafficked into Spain are synthesized as 
      racemate, while MAMP is exclusively produced as the S(+)-enantiomer. Then, the 
      analytical method was employed to analyse urban wastewater samples collected from 
      the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of five different cities in 2018 and 
      2019. Consumption estimated through normalized population loads in wastewater 
      showed an increased pattern of AMP use in the Basque Country. Furthermore, the 
      enantiomeric profiling of wastewater samples was contrasted to lisdexamfetamine 
      (LIS) and selegiline (SEL) prescription figures, two pharmaceuticals which 
      metabolize to S(+)-AMP, and to R(-)-AMP and R(-)-MAMP, respectively. From this 
      analysis, and considering uncertainties derived from metabolism and adherence to 
      treatment, it was concluded that LIS is a relevant source of AMP in those cases 
      with low wastewater loads, i.e. up to a maximum of 60% of AMP detected in 
      wastewater in some samples could originate from LIS prescription, while SEL does 
      not represent a significant source of AMP nor MAMP. Finally, removal efficiencies 
      could be evaluated for the WWTP (serving ca. 860,000 inhabitants) with higher AMP 
      influent concentrations. The removal of AMP was satisfactory with rates higher 
      than 99%, whereas MDMA showed an average removal of approximately 60%, 
      accompanied by an enrichment of R(-)-MDMA.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
FAU - Estevez-Danta, Andrea
AU  - Estevez-Danta A
AD  - Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of 
      Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago 
      de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
FAU - Montes, Rosa
AU  - Montes R
AD  - Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of 
      Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago 
      de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain. 
      Electronic address: rosamaria.montes@usc.es.
FAU - Bijlsma, Lubertus
AU  - Bijlsma L
AD  - Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for 
      Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellon, Spain.
FAU - Cela, Rafael
AU  - Cela R
AD  - Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of 
      Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago 
      de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
FAU - Celma, Alberto
AU  - Celma A
AD  - Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for 
      Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellon, Spain.
FAU - Gonzalez-Marino, Iria
AU  - Gonzalez-Marino I
AD  - Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of 
      Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago 
      de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; 
      Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of 
      Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
FAU - Miro, Manuel
AU  - Miro M
AD  - FI-TRACE group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, 
      Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
FAU - Gutmann, Vanessa
AU  - Gutmann V
AD  - Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of 
      Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago 
      de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
FAU - de San Roman-Landa, Unai Perez
AU  - de San Roman-Landa UP
AD  - Asociacion Ai Laket!! Elkartea, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
FAU - Prieto, Ailette
AU  - Prieto A
AD  - Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University 
      of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine 
      Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (PiE-UPV/EHU), 
      Plentzia, Basque Country 48620, Spain.
FAU - Ventura, Mireia
AU  - Ventura M
AD  - Energy Control, Asociacion Bienestar y Desarrollo, Barcelona, Spain.
FAU - Rodil, Rosario
AU  - Rodil R
AD  - Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of 
      Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago 
      de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
FAU - Quintana, Jose Benito
AU  - Quintana JB
AD  - Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of 
      Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago 
      de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain. 
      Electronic address: jb.quintana@usc.es.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210929
PL  - England
TA  - Water Res
JT  - Water research
JID - 0105072
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - CK833KGX7E (Amphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amphetamine
MH  - Chromatography, Liquid
MH  - Tandem Mass Spectrometry
MH  - *Wastewater
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Chiral drugs
OT  - Drug abuse
OT  - Enantiomers
OT  - Prescription
OT  - Sewage
OT  - Wastewater-based epidemiology
EDAT- 2021/10/09 06:00
MHDA- 2021/11/12 06:00
CRDT- 2021/10/08 20:23
PHST- 2021/04/29 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/09/22 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/09/24 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/10/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/11/12 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/10/08 20:23 [entrez]
AID - S0043-1354(21)00913-1 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117719 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Water Res. 2021 Nov 1;206:117719. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117719. Epub 2021 
      Sep 29.