PMID- 34630424
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20211217
LR  - 20231107
IS  - 1664-3224 (Electronic)
IS  - 1664-3224 (Linking)
VI  - 12
DP  - 2021
TI  - From Allergen Molecules to Molecular Immunotherapy of Nut Allergy: A Hard Nut to 
      Crack.
PG  - 742732
LID - 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742732 [doi]
LID - 742732
AB  - Peanuts and tree nuts are two of the most common elicitors of immunoglobulin E 
      (IgE)-mediated food allergy. Nut allergy is frequently associated with systemic 
      reactions and can lead to potentially life-threatening respiratory and 
      circulatory symptoms. Furthermore, nut allergy usually persists throughout life. 
      Whether sensitized patients exhibit severe and life-threatening reactions (e.g., 
      anaphylaxis), mild and/or local reactions (e.g., pollen-food allergy syndrome) or 
      no relevant symptoms depends much on IgE recognition of digestion-resistant class 
      I food allergens, IgE cross-reactivity of class II food allergens with 
      respiratory allergens and clinically not relevant plant-derived carbohydrate 
      epitopes, respectively. Accordingly, molecular allergy diagnosis based on the 
      measurement of allergen-specific IgE levels to allergen molecules provides 
      important information in addition to provocation testing in the diagnosis of food 
      allergy. Molecular allergy diagnosis helps identifying the genuinely sensitizing 
      nuts, it determines IgE sensitization to class I and II food allergen molecules 
      and hence provides a basis for personalized forms of treatment such as precise 
      prescription of diet and allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). Currently 
      available forms of nut-specific AIT are based only on allergen extracts, have 
      been mainly developed for peanut but not for other nuts and, unlike AIT for 
      respiratory allergies which utilize often subcutaneous administration, are given 
      preferentially by the oral route. Here we review prevalence of allergy to peanut 
      and tree nuts in different populations of the world, summarize knowledge 
      regarding the involved nut allergen molecules and current AIT approaches for nut 
      allergy. We argue that nut-specific AIT may benefit from molecular subcutaneous 
      AIT (SCIT) approaches but identify also possible hurdles for such an approach and 
      explain why molecular SCIT may be a hard nut to crack.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 Fuhrmann, Huang, Akarsu, Shilovskiy, Elisyutina, Khaitov, van 
      Hage, Linhart, Focke-Tejkl, Valenta and Sekerel.
FAU - Fuhrmann, Verena
AU  - Fuhrmann V
AD  - Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, 
      Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of 
      Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
FAU - Huang, Huey-Jy
AU  - Huang HJ
AD  - Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, 
      Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of 
      Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
FAU - Akarsu, Aysegul
AU  - Akarsu A
AD  - Division of Allergy and Asthma, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University 
      Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
FAU - Shilovskiy, Igor
AU  - Shilovskiy I
AD  - Laboratory for Molecular Allergology, National Research Center (NRC) Institute of 
      Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
FAU - Elisyutina, Olga
AU  - Elisyutina O
AD  - Laboratory for Molecular Allergology, National Research Center (NRC) Institute of 
      Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
FAU - Khaitov, Musa
AU  - Khaitov M
AD  - Laboratory for Molecular Allergology, National Research Center (NRC) Institute of 
      Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
AD  - Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
FAU - van Hage, Marianne
AU  - van Hage M
AD  - Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska 
      Institutet and Karolinska University, Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
FAU - Linhart, Birgit
AU  - Linhart B
AD  - Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, 
      Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of 
      Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
FAU - Focke-Tejkl, Margarete
AU  - Focke-Tejkl M
AD  - Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, 
      Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of 
      Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
AD  - Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria.
FAU - Valenta, Rudolf
AU  - Valenta R
AD  - Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, 
      Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of 
      Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
AD  - Laboratory for Molecular Allergology, National Research Center (NRC) Institute of 
      Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
AD  - Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria.
AD  - Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, 
      Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
FAU - Sekerel, Bulent Enis
AU  - Sekerel BE
AD  - Division of Allergy and Asthma, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University 
      Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210923
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Immunol
JT  - Frontiers in immunology
JID - 101560960
RN  - 0 (Allergens)
SB  - IM
MH  - Allergens/immunology
MH  - Desensitization, Immunologic/*methods
MH  - Humans
MH  - Nut Hypersensitivity/*immunology/*prevention & control
PMC - PMC8496898
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - allergen molecules
OT  - component
OT  - food allergy
OT  - immunotherapy
OT  - molecular allergy diagnosis
OT  - peanut
OT  - tree nut
COIS- RV has received research grants from HVD Life Science, Vienna Austria, Viravaxx, 
      Vienna, Austria and Worg Pharmaceuticals, Hangzhou, China and serves as a 
      consultant for Viravaxx and Worg. MvH has received personal fees from Thermo 
      Fisher Scientific, Sweden, and Hycor Biomedical LLC, CA, US., outside the 
      submitted work. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in 
      the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed 
      as a potential conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/10/12 06:00
MHDA- 2021/12/18 06:00
PMCR- 2021/01/01
CRDT- 2021/10/11 05:55
PHST- 2021/07/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/08/23 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/10/11 05:55 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/10/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/12/18 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742732 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Immunol. 2021 Sep 23;12:742732. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742732. eCollection 
      2021.