PMID- 34631130
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20240403
IS  - 2055-2238 (Electronic)
IS  - 2055-2238 (Linking)
VI  - 7
IP  - 5
DP  - 2021 Oct
TI  - Changes in body mass index, obesity, and overweight in Southern Africa 
      development countries, 1990 to 2019: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease, 
      Injuries, and Risk Factors Study.
PG  - 509-524
LID - 10.1002/osp4.519 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: High body mass index (BMI) is associated with stroke, ischemic heart 
      disease (IHD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). An epidemiological analysis 
      of the prevalence of high BMI, stroke, IHD, and T2DM was conducted for 16 
      Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) using Global Burden of Diseases, 
      Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study data. METHODS: GBD obtained data from 
      vital registration, verbal autopsy, and ICD codes. Prevalence of high BMI 
      (>/=25 kg/m(2)), stroke, IHD, and T2DM attributed to high BMI were calculated. 
      Cause of Death Ensemble Model and Spatiotemporal Gaussian regression was used to 
      estimate mortality due to stroke, IHD, and T2DM attributable to high BMI. 
      RESULTS: Obesity in adult females increased 1.54-fold from 12.0% (uncertainty 
      interval [UI]: 11.5-12.4) to 18.5% (17.9-19.0), whereas in adult males, obesity 
      nearly doubled from 4.5 (4.3-4.8) to 8.8 (8.5-9.2). In children, obesity more 
      than doubled in both sexes, and overweight increased by 27.4% in girls and by 
      37.4% in boys. Mean BMI increased by 0.7 from 22.4 (21.6-23.1) to 23.1 
      (22.3-24.0) in adult males, and by 1.0 from 23.8 (22.9-24.7) to 24.8 (23.8-25.8) 
      in adult females. South Africa 44.7 (42.5-46.8), Swaziland 33.9 (31.7-36.0) and 
      Lesotho 31.6 (29.8-33.5) had the highest prevalence of obesity in 2019. The 
      corresponding prevalence in males for the three countries were 19.1 (17.5-20.7), 
      19.3 (17.7-20.8), and 9.2 (8.4-10.1), respectively. The DRC and Madagascar had 
      the least prevalence of adult obesity, from 5.6 (4.8-6.4) and 7.0 (6.1-7.9), 
      respectively in females in 2019, and in males from 4.9 (4.3-5.4) in the DRC to 
      3.9 (3.4-4.4) in Madagascar. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of high BMI is high in 
      SADC. Obesity more than doubled in adults and nearly doubled in children. The 
      2019 mean BMI for adult females in seven countries exceeded 25 kg/m(2). SADC 
      countries are unlikely to meet UN2030 SDG targets. Prevalence of high BMI should 
      be studied locally to help reduce morbidity.
CI  - (c) 2021 The Authors. Obesity Science & Practice published by World Obesity and The 
      Obesity Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
FAU - Gona, Philimon N
AU  - Gona PN
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4202-5965
AD  - College of Nursing & Health Sciences University of Massachusetts Boston Boston MA 
      USA.
FAU - Kimokoti, Ruth W
AU  - Kimokoti RW
AD  - Department of Nutrition Simmons College Boston MA USA.
FAU - Gona, Clara M
AU  - Gona CM
AD  - Department of Nursing MGH Institute for Health Professions Boston MA USA.
FAU - Ballout, Suha
AU  - Ballout S
AD  - College of Nursing & Health Sciences University of Massachusetts Boston Boston MA 
      USA.
FAU - Rao, Sowmya R
AU  - Rao SR
AD  - Department of Global Health Boston University School of Public Health Boston MA 
      USA.
FAU - Mapoma, Chabila C
AU  - Mapoma CC
AD  - Department of Population Studies University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia.
FAU - Lo, Justin
AU  - Lo J
AD  - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA 
      USA.
FAU - Mokdad, Ali H
AU  - Mokdad AH
AD  - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA 
      USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210513
PL  - United States
TA  - Obes Sci Pract
JT  - Obesity science & practice
JID - 101675151
PMC - PMC8488455
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - SADC countries
OT  - high body mass index
OT  - ischemic heart disease
OT  - mortality
OT  - overweight & obesity
OT  - prevalence
OT  - stroke
OT  - type 2 diabetes
COIS- All authors report no conflict of interest
EDAT- 2021/10/12 06:00
MHDA- 2021/10/12 06:01
PMCR- 2021/05/13
CRDT- 2021/10/11 06:02
PHST- 2020/08/03 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/03/06 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/04/25 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/10/11 06:02 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/10/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/10/12 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/05/13 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - OSP4519 [pii]
AID - 10.1002/osp4.519 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Obes Sci Pract. 2021 May 13;7(5):509-524. doi: 10.1002/osp4.519. eCollection 2021 
      Oct.