PMID- 34639537
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20211025
LR  - 20211025
IS  - 1660-4601 (Electronic)
IS  - 1661-7827 (Print)
IS  - 1660-4601 (Linking)
VI  - 18
IP  - 19
DP  - 2021 Sep 29
TI  - Human Biomonitoring of Environmental and Occupational Exposures by GC-MS and Gas 
      Sensor Systems: A Systematic Review.
LID - 10.3390/ijerph181910236 [doi]
LID - 10236
AB  - Environmental chemicals and contaminants coming from multiple external sources 
      enter the human body, determining a potential risk for human health. Human 
      biomonitoring (HBM), measuring the concentrations of biomarkers in human 
      specimens, has become an emerging approach for assessing population-wide exposure 
      to hazardous chemicals and health risk through large-scale studies in many 
      countries. However, systematic mapping of HBM studies, including their 
      characteristics, targeted hazardous pollutants, analytical techniques, and sample 
      population (general population and occupationally exposed workers), has not been 
      done so far. We conducted a systematic review of the literature related to 
      airborne hazardous pollutants in biofluids to answer the following questions: 
      Which main chemicals have been included in the literature, which bodily fluids 
      have been used, and what are the main findings? Following PRISMA protocol, we 
      summarized the publications published up to 4 February 2021 of studies based on 
      two methods: gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and electronic noses 
      (e-noses). We screened 2606 records and 117 publications were included in the 
      analysis, the most based on GC/MS analysis. The selected HBM studies include 
      measurements of biomarkers in different bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, 
      breast milk, and human semen as well as exhaled air. The papers cover numerous 
      airborne hazardous pollutants that we grouped in chemical classes; a lot of 
      hazardous and noxious compounds, mainly persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and 
      volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have been detected in biological fluids at 
      alarming levels. The scenario that emerged from this survey demonstrates the 
      importance of HBM in human exposure to hazardous pollutants and the need to use 
      it as valid tool in health surveillance. This systematic review represents a 
      starting point for researchers who focus on the world of pollutant biomonitoring 
      in the human body and gives them important insights into how to improve the 
      methods based on GC/MS. Moreover, it makes a first overview of the use of gas 
      sensor array and e-noses in HBM studies.
FAU - Longo, Valentina
AU  - Longo V
AD  - Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), National Research 
      Council of Italy, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
FAU - Forleo, Angiola
AU  - Forleo A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2291-8675
AD  - Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), National Research 
      Council of Italy, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
FAU - Giampetruzzi, Lucia
AU  - Giampetruzzi L
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5385-2133
AD  - Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), National Research 
      Council of Italy, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
FAU - Siciliano, Pietro
AU  - Siciliano P
AD  - Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), National Research 
      Council of Italy, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
FAU - Capone, Simonetta
AU  - Capone S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6448-9261
AD  - Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), National Research 
      Council of Italy, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PT  - Systematic Review
DEP - 20210929
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Int J Environ Res Public Health
JT  - International journal of environmental research and public health
JID - 101238455
RN  - 0 (Environmental Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Volatile Organic Compounds)
SB  - IM
MH  - Biological Monitoring
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - *Environmental Pollutants/analysis
MH  - Female
MH  - Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Occupational Exposure/analysis
MH  - *Volatile Organic Compounds
PMC - PMC8508139
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - GC/MS
OT  - POPs
OT  - VOCs
OT  - airborne hazardous pollutants
OT  - gas sensors
OT  - human biomonitoring
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/10/14 06:00
MHDA- 2021/10/26 06:00
PMCR- 2021/09/29
CRDT- 2021/10/13 01:07
PHST- 2021/06/09 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/09/23 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/09/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/10/13 01:07 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/10/14 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/10/26 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/09/29 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijerph181910236 [pii]
AID - ijerph-18-10236 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijerph181910236 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Sep 29;18(19):10236. doi: 
      10.3390/ijerph181910236.