PMID- 34645964
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220926
LR  - 20231002
IS  - 1476-5454 (Electronic)
IS  - 0950-222X (Print)
IS  - 0950-222X (Linking)
VI  - 36
IP  - 10
DP  - 2022 Oct
TI  - Prevalence of myopia and its risk factors in rural school children in North 
      India: the North India myopia rural study (NIM-R Study).
PG  - 2000-2005
LID - 10.1038/s41433-021-01797-3 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: To assess the prevalence of myopia and its risk factors in rural 
      school children. METHODS: Children in classes 4-7 of eight randomly selected 
      schools (five government and three private) in rural Haryana, with unaided vision 
      <6/9.5 were screened, their cycloplegic refraction is done, myopes were 
      identified. A questionnaire-based assessment of risk factors was done for myopes 
      and compared with 10% of randomly selected children with normal vision 
      (controls). The prevalence of myopia and its association with risk factors were 
      assessed. RESULTS: Children screened were 1486 (89.5% coverage). The mean age of 
      children was 11.2 +/- 1.5 years with 861 (57.9%) boys. Prevalence of myopia was 
      6.4% (95% Confidence intervals [CI]: 5.2%, 7.8%). Prevalence was higher among 
      private schools (10.1%) compared to government schools (1.4%) (p < 0.001), and 
      among girls 7.2% (45/625) compared to boys 5.8% (50/861) (p = 0.2786). The mean 
      spherical equivalent refractive error was -1.61D +/- 1.32D. The prevalence of high 
      myopia was 1.1% (1/95). There was a 75% unmet need for spectacles. Studying in 
      private school was positively associated with myopia as per our multivariate 
      analysis (p = 0.016). An inverse association was found for time spent outdoors 
      (p = 0.009). Watching television, indoor time, screen time, age, or gender were 
      not found to be statistically significant as risk factors. CONCLUSION: The 
      prevalence of myopia is increasing among children of rural areas, especially 
      those in private schools with a strong inverse association with time spent 
      outdoors. Regular screening, lifestyle modification and awareness about 
      modifiable risk factors are essential.
CI  - (c) 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Royal College of 
      Ophthalmologists.
FAU - Saxena, Rohit
AU  - Saxena R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8660-8062
AD  - Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, 
      All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. 
      rohitsaxena80@yahoo.com.
FAU - Gupta, Vivek
AU  - Gupta V
AD  - Department of Community Ophthalmology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Center for Ophthalmic 
      Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
FAU - Prasad, Priyanka
AU  - Prasad P
AD  - Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, 
      All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
FAU - Bhardwaj, Amit
AU  - Bhardwaj A
AD  - Department of Community Ophthalmology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Center for Ophthalmic 
      Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
FAU - Vashist, Praveen
AU  - Vashist P
AD  - Department of Community Ophthalmology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Center for Ophthalmic 
      Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - England
TA  - Eye (Lond)
JT  - Eye (London, England)
JID - 8703986
RN  - 0 (Mydriatics)
SB  - IM
MH  - Child
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - India/epidemiology
MH  - Male
MH  - *Mydriatics
MH  - *Myopia/epidemiology
MH  - Prevalence
MH  - Refraction, Ocular
MH  - Risk Factors
PMC - PMC9500005
COIS- The authors declare no competing interests.
EDAT- 2021/10/15 06:00
MHDA- 2022/09/28 06:00
PMCR- 2023/10/01
CRDT- 2021/10/14 06:28
PHST- 2021/10/15 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/09/28 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/10/14 06:28 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/10/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1038/s41433-021-01797-3 [pii]
AID - 1797 [pii]
AID - 10.1038/s41433-021-01797-3 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Eye (Lond). 2022 Oct;36(10):2000-2005. doi: 10.1038/s41433-021-01797-3.