PMID- 34666794
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20211026
LR  - 20211028
IS  - 1475-2875 (Electronic)
IS  - 1475-2875 (Linking)
VI  - 20
IP  - 1
DP  - 2021 Oct 19
TI  - The impact of mosquito proof lids of underground tanks "tanka" on the breeding of 
      Anopheles stephensi in a village in western Rajasthan, India.
PG  - 412
LID - 10.1186/s12936-021-03939-0 [doi]
LID - 412
AB  - BACKGROUND: Western Rajasthan in India has a typical desert climate. Until the 
      introduction of the canal water irrigation system, malaria was an unstable and 
      seasonal occurrence. Due to the scarcity of water, the community practised having 
      one large underground tank (locally known as the tanka) in their house to collect 
      rainwater for long-term household use. Anopheles stephensi, one of the major 
      malaria vectors, breeds in improperly covered "tankas" if not properly covered 
      and harbours a vector population throughout the year. METHODS: Two villages, 
      Ajasar (intervention) and Tota (control), with similar ecological features, were 
      selected for the study. A pre-intervention survey was carried out in both 
      villages to assess the presence and quality of lids of tankas, and mosquito 
      breeding and adult mosquito density. Awareness of the community about malaria and 
      mosquitoes was also assessed during the pre-intervention period. In the 
      intervention village, damaged or improper lids were replaced with improved 
      mosquito proof polyvinyl chloride plastic (PVC) lids and lasted longer than the 
      conventional lids. The fitness of the lids was assessed one year after the 
      pre-intervention survey. The entomological assessment was carried out in both 
      intervention and non-intervention villages. The level of community awareness 
      about malaria, mosquitoes, their breeding places, and the role of tankas in 
      malaria transmission was assessed both during pre- and post-intervention. 
      RESULTS: During the pre-intervention survey, Anopheles breeding was found in 
      22.1% (58/262) of tankas in the intervention village and 27.1% (19/70) in tankas 
      in the control village. Mosquito breeding was observed in the tankas with iron 
      lids in the intervention village (48.3%) and the control village (42.1%). In the 
      intervention village, out of 262 tankas in the village, 200 lids were replaced, 
      resulting in the complete absence of mosquito breeding. In the pre-intervention 
      survey conducted in May 2018, Anopheles stephensi consisted of 46% of adult 
      mosquitoes in the intervention village and 55% in the control village. Its 
      density was significantly reduced to 0.55 per man-hour (94.95%) and 0.22 per 
      man-hour (97.8%) in the post-intervention survey in June 2018 and a follow-up 
      survey in May 2019, respectively, in the intervention village. DISCUSSION: The 
      density of Anopheles stephensi adults was reduced significantly (97.8%) in the 
      intervention village due to complete prevention of breeding in the underground 
      tankas in the intervention village as compared to the control with no density 
      reduction. The awareness level of the community was also improved due to their 
      involvement in the study. CONCLUSION: Provision of proper metal lids or 
      replacement of damaged lids on underground water storage tanks as an 
      environmental management approach prevented the breeding of  the malaria vector, 
      Anopheles stephensi, in a desert village in western Rajasthan.
CI  - (c) 2021. The Author(s).
FAU - Singh, Himmat
AU  - Singh H
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7682-651X
AD  - ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8 Dwarka, Delhi, 110077, 
      India. hspawar@rediffmail.com.
FAU - Gupta, Sanjeev Kumar
AU  - Gupta SK
AD  - ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8 Dwarka, Delhi, 110077, 
      India.
FAU - Vikram, Kumar
AU  - Vikram K
AD  - Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, P.O. 
      Box No. 4911, New Delhi, 110029, India.
FAU - Saxena, Rekha
AU  - Saxena R
AD  - ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8 Dwarka, Delhi, 110077, 
      India.
FAU - Sharma, Amit
AU  - Sharma A
AD  - ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8 Dwarka, Delhi, 110077, 
      India.
LA  - eng
PT  - Controlled Clinical Trial
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20211019
PL  - England
TA  - Malar J
JT  - Malaria journal
JID - 101139802
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Anopheles/*physiology
MH  - Desert Climate
MH  - Housing
MH  - Housing, Animal
MH  - Humans
MH  - India/epidemiology
MH  - Malaria/*epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission
MH  - Mosquito Vectors/*physiology
MH  - Surveys and Questionnaires
MH  - Water Supply/*methods/standards
PMC - PMC8527675
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Anopheles stephensi
OT  - Malaria
OT  - Tankas
OT  - Western Rajasthan
COIS- The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the 
      publication of this article.
EDAT- 2021/10/21 06:00
MHDA- 2021/10/27 06:00
PMCR- 2021/10/19
CRDT- 2021/10/20 05:44
PHST- 2021/03/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/10/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/10/20 05:44 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/10/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/10/27 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/10/19 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1186/s12936-021-03939-0 [pii]
AID - 3939 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/s12936-021-03939-0 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Malar J. 2021 Oct 19;20(1):412. doi: 10.1186/s12936-021-03939-0.