PMID- 34683978
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20240403
IS  - 1999-4923 (Print)
IS  - 1999-4923 (Electronic)
IS  - 1999-4923 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 10
DP  - 2021 Oct 14
TI  - Posterior Segment Ophthalmic Drug Delivery: Role of Muco-Adhesion with a Special 
      Focus on Chitosan.
LID - 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101685 [doi]
LID - 1685
AB  - Posterior segment eye diseases (PSEDs) including age macular degeneration (AMD) 
      and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are amongst the major causes of irreversible 
      blindness worldwide. Due to the numerous barriers encountered, highly invasive 
      intravitreal (IVT) injections represent the primary route to deliver drugs to the 
      posterior eye tissues. Thus, the potential of a more patient friendly topical 
      route has been widely investigated. Mucoadhesive formulations can decrease 
      precorneal clearance while prolonging precorneal residence. Thus, they are 
      expected to enhance the chances of adherence to corneal and conjunctival surfaces 
      and as such, enable increased delivery to the posterior eye segment. Among the 
      mucoadhesive polymers available, chitosan is the most widely explored due to its 
      outstanding mucoadhesive characteristics. In this review, the major PSEDs, their 
      treatments, barriers to topical delivery, and routes of topical drug absorption 
      to the posterior eye are presented. To enable the successful design of 
      mucoadhesive ophthalmic drug delivery systems (DDSs), an overview of 
      mucoadhesion, its theory, characterization, and considerations for ocular 
      mucoadhesion is given. Furthermore, chitosan-based DDs that have been explored to 
      promote topical drug delivery to the posterior eye segment are reviewed. Finally, 
      challenges of successful preclinical to clinical translation of these DDSs for 
      posterior eye drug delivery are discussed.
FAU - Burhan, Ayah Mohammad
AU  - Burhan AM
AD  - Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology 
      Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland.
FAU - Klahan, Butsabarat
AU  - Klahan B
AD  - Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology 
      Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland.
FAU - Cummins, Wayne
AU  - Cummins W
AD  - Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology 
      Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland.
FAU - Andres-Guerrero, Vanessa
AU  - Andres-Guerrero V
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0157-1932
AD  - Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) 
      Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of 
      Pharmacy, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital 
      (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
FAU - Byrne, Mark E
AU  - Byrne ME
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7038-7042
AD  - Biomimetic & Biohybrid Materials, Biomedical Devices & Drug Delivery 
      Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, 
      NJ 08028, USA.
FAU - O'Reilly, Niall J
AU  - O'Reilly NJ
AD  - Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology 
      Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland.
FAU - Chauhan, Anuj
AU  - Chauhan A
AD  - Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, 
      CO 80401, USA.
FAU - Fitzhenry, Laurence
AU  - Fitzhenry L
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0763-7189
AD  - Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology 
      Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland.
FAU - Hughes, Helen
AU  - Hughes H
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5939-2323
AD  - Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology 
      Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland.
LA  - eng
GR  - 813440/Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20211014
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Pharmaceutics
JT  - Pharmaceutics
JID - 101534003
PMC - PMC8539343
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - age macular degeneration
OT  - chitosan
OT  - chitosan coated drug delivery systems
OT  - chitosan coating for posterior eye segment drug delivery
OT  - diabetic retinopathy
OT  - mucoadhesion
OT  - ocular drug delivery
OT  - ophthalmic drug delivery
OT  - permeation enhancement
OT  - posterior eye segment drug delivery
OT  - retinal drug delivery
OT  - topical drug delivery to the posterior eye segment
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/10/24 06:00
MHDA- 2021/10/24 06:01
PMCR- 2021/10/14
CRDT- 2021/10/23 01:17
PHST- 2021/07/31 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/09/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/09/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/10/23 01:17 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/10/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/10/24 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/10/14 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - pharmaceutics13101685 [pii]
AID - pharmaceutics-13-01685 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101685 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Pharmaceutics. 2021 Oct 14;13(10):1685. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101685.