PMID- 34694102
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220331
LR  - 20220401
IS  - 1424-3997 (Electronic)
IS  - 0036-7672 (Linking)
VI  - 151
DP  - 2021 Oct 11
TI  - Heart rate profiles and heart rate variability during scuba diving.
PG  - w30039
LID - Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151:w30039 [pii]
LID - 10.4414/smw.2021.w30039 [doi]
AB  - AIMS: The aim of the present study was to describe heart rate profiles and heart 
      rate variability patterns in non-selected scuba divers of different ages under 
      non-experimental real-world conditions. METHODS: We used specially designed 
      silver-loaded polydimethylsiloxane dry electrodes for underwater ECG recordings. 
      With a custom-built setup, heart rate profiles and heart rate variability 
      patterns were documented before submersion, during diving and after resurfacing 
      in 18 separate dives. RESULTS: Heart rates of the divers just before descent were 
      remarkably high (median 114 bpm, interquartile range [IQR] 83-154) with a 
      statistically significant rapid decrease after submersion (median 90 bpm, IQR 
      70-116; p = 0.008). The percentage heart rate reduction by submersion was 
      individually very variable (median 21%, range 5-39%). We noted a general increase 
      in autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity without predominance of 
      parasympathetic parameters, suggesting a concomitant sympatheticadrenergic 
      activation. CONCLUSIONS: Scuba diving under real-world conditions by non-selected 
      divers is characterised by relatively high heart rates just before submersion, an 
      individually variable but significant bradycardic dive response, and induces an 
      immediate and sustained parallel increase of parasympathetic and 
      sympathetic-adrenergic autonomic nervous system activity. These observations 
      could explain several specific pathophysiological mechanisms of diving incidents 
      (haemodynamic decompensation, arrhythmias, acute coronary syndromes) and 
      underlines the importance of cardiovascular risk stratification in diving 
      eligibility assessment.
FAU - Schaller, Claudine
AU  - Schaller C
AD  - Heart Clinic Zurich, Switzerland.
FAU - Fumm, Andrea
AU  - Fumm A
AD  - IDUN Technologies AG, Glattpark (Opfikon), Switzerland.
FAU - Bachmann, Simon
AU  - Bachmann S
AD  - IDUN Technologies AG, Glattpark (Opfikon), Switzerland.
FAU - Oechslin, Luca
AU  - Oechslin L
AD  - Heart Clinic Zurich, Switzerland.
FAU - Nakahara, Yoshi
AU  - Nakahara Y
AD  - Heart Clinic Zurich, Switzerland.
FAU - Melliger, Roger
AU  - Melliger R
AD  - melliger analytics AG, Lenzerheide, Switzerland.
FAU - Biaggi, Patric
AU  - Biaggi P
AD  - Heart Clinic Zurich, Switzerland.
FAU - Wyss, Christophe Alain
AU  - Wyss CA
AD  - Heart Clinic Zurich, Switzerland.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20211021
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Swiss Med Wkly
JT  - Swiss medical weekly
JID - 100970884
SB  - IM
MH  - Arrhythmias, Cardiac
MH  - *Diving/physiology
MH  - Heart Rate/physiology
MH  - Humans
EDAT- 2021/10/26 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/01 06:00
CRDT- 2021/10/25 10:46
PHST- 2021/10/25 10:46 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/10/26 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/01 06:00 [medline]
AID - Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151:w30039 [pii]
AID - 10.4414/smw.2021.w30039 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Swiss Med Wkly. 2021 Oct 21;151:w30039. doi: 10.4414/smw.2021.w30039. eCollection 
      2021 Oct 11.