PMID- 34710447
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220125
LR  - 20220125
IS  - 1879-1298 (Electronic)
IS  - 0045-6535 (Linking)
VI  - 291
IP  - Pt 1
DP  - 2022 Mar
TI  - Degradation analysis of polymeric pipe materials used for water supply systems 
      under various disinfectant conditions.
PG  - 132669
LID - S0045-6535(21)03141-6 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132669 [doi]
AB  - Addition of chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) or sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as a 
      disinfectant in municipal water distribution systems is a common practice to 
      deactivate micropollutants, but their impact on the pipe material with long-term 
      exposure has not been discussed in detail. In this study, accelerated aging 
      experiments were conducted for evaluating the oxidation of high-density 
      polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), unplasticized 
      polyvinylidene chloride (UPVC), and high-impact polyvinylidene chloride (Hi-PVC) 
      pipes. The pipes were immersed in deionized (DI) water, ClO(2), and NaOCl 
      (2 mg/L, 5 mg/L, and 10 mg/L doses) for 1200 h of aging at 40  degrees C. The variations 
      in the pipes structural, thermal, and mechanical characteristics were 
      systematically investigated by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform 
      infrared radiation (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 
      differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and a universal testing machine (UTM). 
      The formation of carbonyl groups due to methylene groups (C-C/C-H) oxidation 
      resulted in an increased carbonyl index (CI) of the material exposed to 
      accelerated aging conditions. Moreover, the XPS and ATR-FTIR results elucidated 
      that the oxidation patterns under the exposure conditions followed from 
      ketone/aldehyde formation to carboxylate groups (carboxylic acid/ester). The 
      pipes were more vulnerable to the ClO(2) compared to the DI water and NaOCl 
      solution exposure. The increase in crystallinity and the decrease in oxidation 
      induction time (OIT) of the pipe materials confirmed that the loss of stabilizer 
      and changes in the chain alignment resulted in chain secession, loss of 
      ductility, and lower percent elongation at break. Furthermore, results also 
      elucidated that oxidative stability of the HDPE/UPVC was greater than that of the 
      LDPE/Hi-PVC under disinfectant exposure regardless of the concentration and 
      duration.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Khan, Imtiaz Afzal
AU  - Khan IA
AD  - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 
      Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: 
      imtiaz1234@hanyang.ac.kr.
FAU - Lee, Kang Hoon
AU  - Lee KH
AD  - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 
      Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Lee, Yong-Soo
AU  - Lee YS
AD  - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 
      Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Kim, Jong-Oh
AU  - Kim JO
AD  - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 
      Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: 
      jk120@hanyang.ac.kr.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20211025
PL  - England
TA  - Chemosphere
JT  - Chemosphere
JID - 0320657
RN  - 0 (Disinfectants)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - 059QF0KO0R (Water)
RN  - 9002-88-4 (Polyethylene)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Disinfectants
MH  - Polyethylene
MH  - Water
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
MH  - Water Supply
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Chlorine dioxide
OT  - Oxidation
OT  - Polyethylene pipe
OT  - Polyvinyl chloride pipe
OT  - Sodium hypochlorite
EDAT- 2021/10/29 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/27 06:00
CRDT- 2021/10/28 20:14
PHST- 2021/08/24 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/10/21 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/10/23 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/10/29 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/27 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/10/28 20:14 [entrez]
AID - S0045-6535(21)03141-6 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132669 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Chemosphere. 2022 Mar;291(Pt 1):132669. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132669. 
      Epub 2021 Oct 25.