PMID- 34711862 OWN - NLM STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE LR - 20211101 IS - 2334-265X (Print) IS - 2334-265X (Electronic) IS - 2334-265X (Linking) VI - 7 IP - 1 DP - 2021 Oct 28 TI - Salivary microbiome profiling reveals a dysbiotic schizophrenia-associated microbiota. PG - 51 LID - 10.1038/s41537-021-00180-1 [doi] LID - 51 AB - Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental disorder and often has a prodromal period, referred to as clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis, prior to the first episode. The etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia remain unclear. Despite the human gut microbiome being associated with schizophrenia, the role of the oral microbiome, which is a vital player in the mouth-body connection, is not well understood. To address this, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate the salivary microbiome in 85 patients with drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia (FES), 43 individuals at CHR, and 80 healthy controls (HCs). The salivary microbiome of FES patients was characterized by higher alpha-diversity and lower beta-diversity heterogeneity than those of CHR subjects and HCs. Proteobacteria, the predominant phylum, was depleted, while Firmicutes and the Firmicutes/Proteobacteria ratio was enriched, in a stepwise manner from HC to CHR to FES. H(2)S-producing bacteria exhibited disease-stage-specific enrichment and could be potential diagnostic biomarkers for FES and CHR. Certain salivary microbiota exhibited disease-specific correlation patterns with symptomatic severities, peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines, thioredoxin, and S100B in FES. Furthermore, the metabolic functions from inferred metagenomes of the salivary microbiome were disrupted in FES, especially amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and xenobiotic degradation. This study has established a link between salivary microbiome alterations and disease initiation and provided the hypothesis of how the oral microbiota could influence schizophrenia. CI - (c) 2021. The Author(s). FAU - Qing, Ying AU - Qing Y AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5846-9248 AD - Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. FAU - Xu, Lihua AU - Xu L AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2237-9336 AD - Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China. FAU - Cui, Gaoping AU - Cui G AD - Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. FAU - Sun, Liya AU - Sun L AD - Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. FAU - Hu, Xiaowen AU - Hu X AD - Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. FAU - Yang, Xuhan AU - Yang X AD - Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. FAU - Jiang, Jie AU - Jiang J AD - Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. FAU - Zhang, Juan AU - Zhang J AD - Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. FAU - Zhang, Tianhong AU - Zhang T AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5379-7119 AD - Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China. FAU - Wang, Tao AU - Wang T AD - Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. AD - SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. FAU - He, Lin AU - He L AD - Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. FAU - Wang, Jijun AU - Wang J AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5427-7425 AD - Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China. jijunwang27@163.com. FAU - Wan, Chunling AU - Wan C AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0372-0041 AD - Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. clwan@sjtu.edu.cn. LA - eng GR - 81971254/National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ GR - 81771440/National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ GR - 81901354/National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ GR - 2018M630442/China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ GR - 2018M642029/China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ GR - 2019M661526/China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ PT - Journal Article DEP - 20211028 PL - United States TA - NPJ Schizophr JT - NPJ schizophrenia JID - 101657919 PMC - PMC8553823 COIS- The authors declare no competing interests. EDAT- 2021/10/30 06:00 MHDA- 2021/10/30 06:01 PMCR- 2021/10/28 CRDT- 2021/10/29 06:00 PHST- 2021/04/12 00:00 [received] PHST- 2021/10/01 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2021/10/29 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2021/10/30 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2021/10/30 06:01 [medline] PHST- 2021/10/28 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.1038/s41537-021-00180-1 [pii] AID - 180 [pii] AID - 10.1038/s41537-021-00180-1 [doi] PST - epublish SO - NPJ Schizophr. 2021 Oct 28;7(1):51. doi: 10.1038/s41537-021-00180-1.