PMID- 34747032
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220323
LR  - 20220323
IS  - 1475-1313 (Electronic)
IS  - 0275-5408 (Linking)
VI  - 42
IP  - 1
DP  - 2022 Jan
TI  - Relationship between visual and neurodevelopmental measures at 2 years with 
      visual acuity and stereopsis at 4.5 years in children born at risk of neonatal 
      hypoglycaemia.
PG  - 195-204
LID - 10.1111/opo.12910 [doi]
AB  - PURPOSE: Mild to moderate vision loss affects many children and can negatively 
      impact a child's early literacy and academic achievement. Nevertheless, there is 
      no consensus on which factors present in early childhood indicate the need for 
      long-term ophthalmic follow up, particularly in children with a history of 
      perinatal adversity. This study identified the relationship between visual, 
      cognitive, motor and demographic factors at 2 years of age and visual acuity (VA) 
      and stereoacuity at 4.5 years of age. METHODS: Five hundred sixteen children 
      identified as being at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia were recruited soon after 
      birth. At 2 years of age, binocular VA, stereoacuity and non-cycloplegic 
      refraction were measured and a clinical neuro-developmental assessment with the 
      Bayley Scales of Infant Development III (BSID-III) was conducted by a trained 
      examiner. Monocular VA and stereoacuity were measured at 4.5 years of age. 
      RESULTS: Three hundred twenty-eight children completed both the 2 and 4.5 year 
      vision and neurodevelopmental assessments. Multiple linear regression showed 
      oblique astigmatism and motor function at 2 years were significantly associated 
      with VA at 4.5 years of age, while spherical equivalent refraction, motor scores 
      and stereoacuity at 2 years were significantly associated with stereoacuity at 
      4.5 years of age. BSID-III motor scores had the best sensitivity (81.8%) and 
      specificity (51.5%) for identifying impaired stereoacuity at 4.5 years. However, 
      all measures at 2 years were poorly associated with VA at 4.5 years old. 
      CONCLUSION: Vision and neurodevelopmental measures at 2 years were poorly 
      associated with visual function at 4.5 years of age. However, lower scores on 
      tests of motor function at 2 years may be associated with vision abnormalities, 
      particularly reduced stereopsis, at 4.5 years of age and referral for 
      comprehensive vision assessment for these children may be warranted.
CI  - (c) 2021 The Authors Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics (c) 2021 The College of 
      Optometrists.
FAU - Paudel, Nabin
AU  - Paudel N
AD  - Centre for Eye Research, Ireland, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, 
      Ireland.
AD  - School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New 
      Zealand.
FAU - Thompson, Benjamin
AU  - Thompson B
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3902-2712
AD  - School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New 
      Zealand.
AD  - School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, 
      Ontario, Canada.
AD  - Centre for Eye and Vision Research, Shatin, Hong Kong.
FAU - Chakraborty, Arijit
AU  - Chakraborty A
AD  - Chicago College of Optometry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, 
      USA.
FAU - Harding, Jane
AU  - Harding J
AD  - Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
FAU - Jacobs, Robert J
AU  - Jacobs RJ
AD  - School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New 
      Zealand.
FAU - Wouldes, Trecia A
AU  - Wouldes TA
AD  - Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New 
      Zealand.
FAU - Yu, Sandy Ty
AU  - Yu ST
AD  - School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New 
      Zealand.
FAU - Anstice, Nicola S
AU  - Anstice NS
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1999-5274
AD  - School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New 
      Zealand.
AD  - Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, 
      Australia.
CN  - CHYLD Study Team
LA  - eng
GR  - R01 HD069622/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20211108
PL  - England
TA  - Ophthalmic Physiol Opt
JT  - Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of 
      Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)
JID - 8208839
SB  - IM
MH  - Child
MH  - Child, Preschool
MH  - Depth Perception
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Hypoglycemia/complications/diagnosis
MH  - Infant
MH  - Infant, Newborn
MH  - Vision Tests
MH  - *Vision, Binocular
MH  - Visual Acuity
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - children's vision
OT  - hypoglycaemia
OT  - neurodevelopment
OT  - stereoacuity
OT  - visual acuity
EDAT- 2021/11/09 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/24 06:00
CRDT- 2021/11/08 07:05
PHST- 2021/09/26 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/12/14 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/09/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/11/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/24 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/11/08 07:05 [entrez]
AID - 10.1111/opo.12910 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2022 Jan;42(1):195-204. doi: 10.1111/opo.12910. Epub 2021 
      Nov 8.