PMID- 34759032 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20220210 LR - 20220716 IS - 1529-2401 (Electronic) IS - 0270-6474 (Print) IS - 0270-6474 (Linking) VI - 42 IP - 1 DP - 2022 Jan 5 TI - Maturation of Temporal Saccade Prediction from Childhood to Adulthood: Predictive Saccades, Reduced Pupil Size, and Blink Synchronization. PG - 69-80 LID - 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0837-21.2021 [doi] AB - When presented with a periodic stimulus, humans spontaneously adjust their movements from reacting to predicting the timing of its arrival, but little is known about how this sensorimotor adaptation changes across development. To investigate this, we analyzed saccade behavior in 114 healthy humans (ages 6-24 years) performing the visual metronome task, who were instructed to move their eyes in time with a visual target that alternated between two known locations at a fixed rate, and we compared their behavior to performance in a random task, where target onsets were randomized across five interstimulus intervals (ISIs) and thus the timing of appearance was unknown. Saccades initiated before registration of the visual target, thus in anticipation of its appearance, were labeled predictive [saccade reaction time (SRT) < 90 ms] and saccades that were made in reaction to its appearance were labeled reactive (SRT > 90 ms). Eye-tracking behavior including saccadic metrics (e.g., peak velocity, amplitude), pupil size following saccade to target, and blink behavior all varied as a function of predicting or reacting to periodic targets. Compared with reactive saccades, predictive saccades had a lower peak velocity, a hypometric amplitude, smaller pupil size, and a reduced probability of blink occurrence before target appearance. The percentage of predictive and reactive saccades changed inversely from ages 8-16, at which they reached adult-levels of behavior. Differences in predictive saccades for fast and slow target rates are interpreted by differential maturation of cerebellar-thalamic-striatal pathways.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT From the first moments of life, humans are exposed to rhythm (i.e., mother's heartbeat in utero), but the timeline of brain development to promote the identification and anticipation of a rhythmic stimulus, known as temporal prediction, remains unknown. Here, we used saccade reaction time (SRT) in the visual metronome task to differentiate between temporally predictive and reactive responses to a target that alternated at a fixed rate in humans aged 6-24. Periods of age-related change varied little by target rate, with matured predictive performance evident by mid-adolescence for fast and slow rates. A strong correlation among saccade, pupil, and blink responses during target prediction provides evidence of oculomotor coordination and dampened noradrenergic neuronal activity when generating rhythmic motor responses. CI - Copyright (c) 2022 the authors. FAU - Calancie, Olivia G AU - Calancie OG AD - Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada doug.munoz@queensu.ca olivia.calancie@queensu.ca. FAU - Brien, Donald C AU - Brien DC AD - Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada. FAU - Huang, Jeff AU - Huang J AD - Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada. FAU - Coe, Brian C AU - Coe BC AD - Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada. FAU - Booij, Linda AU - Booij L AD - Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada. AD - Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3L3, Canada. FAU - Khalid-Khan, Sarosh AU - Khalid-Khan S AD - Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada. AD - Division of Child and Youth Mental Health, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario K7L 5G2, Canada. FAU - Munoz, Douglas P AU - Munoz DP AD - Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada doug.munoz@queensu.ca olivia.calancie@queensu.ca. AD - Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada. LA - eng GR - CIHR/Canada PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20211110 PL - United States TA - J Neurosci JT - The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience JID - 8102140 SB - IM MH - Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology MH - Adolescent MH - Blinking/*physiology MH - Child MH - Female MH - Humans MH - Male MH - Photic Stimulation MH - Pupil MH - Reaction Time/*physiology MH - Saccades/*physiology MH - Young Adult PMC - PMC8741157 OTO - NOTNLM OT - blink rate OT - development OT - eye movements OT - pupil diameter OT - rhythm OT - timing EDAT- 2021/11/12 06:00 MHDA- 2022/02/11 06:00 PMCR- 2022/07/05 CRDT- 2021/11/11 06:34 PHST- 2021/04/11 00:00 [received] PHST- 2021/10/24 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2021/10/29 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2021/11/12 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2022/02/11 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2021/11/11 06:34 [entrez] PHST- 2022/07/05 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - JNEUROSCI.0837-21.2021 [pii] AID - JN-RM-0837-21 [pii] AID - 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0837-21.2021 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - J Neurosci. 2022 Jan 5;42(1):69-80. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0837-21.2021. Epub 2021 Nov 10.