PMID- 34765797
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20231108
IS  - 2405-8440 (Print)
IS  - 2405-8440 (Electronic)
IS  - 2405-8440 (Linking)
VI  - 7
IP  - 11
DP  - 2021 Nov
TI  - Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) crosslinked keratin/hydroxyapatite (HA) 
      scaffold fabrication, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility assessment 
      as a bone graft for alveolar bone regeneration.
PG  - e08294
LID - 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08294 [doi]
LID - e08294
AB  - Wool derived keratin has garnered significant advancements in the field of 
      biomaterials for hard tissue regeneration. The main limitation of keratin-based 
      biomaterials for bone tissue engineering is their fragile nature. This paper 
      proposes the development of a novel hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) 
      crosslinked keratin scaffold, containing hydroxyapatite as a major inorganic 
      component by freeze drying technique for alveolar bone regeneration. The prepared 
      keratin/hydroxyapatite/HPMC (K/HA/HPMC) scaffold was characterized to study its 
      chemical, physical, and mechanical properties by Scanning electron microscope 
      (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy dispersive X-ray 
      spectroscopy (EDX), X-Ray diffractometric (XRD) analysis. The SEM images of the 
      scaffolds showed highly porous interconnected architecture with average pore size 
      of 108.36 +/- 22.56 while microcomputed tomographic analysis measured total 
      porosity as 79.65 %+/-. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic (EDX) analysis 
      confirmed that inorganic component of scaffold was mainly composed of calcium and 
      phosphorous ions having Ca/P molar ration of 1.6. The maximum compressive 
      strength was found to be in the range of 0.841 +/- 0.37 MPa. Furthermore, the 
      K/HA/HPMC scaffold was structurally stable and weight loss of about 26% was 
      observed when soaked in phosphate buffered solution (PBS) for 28 days. In vitro 
      biocompatibility testing showed that K/HA/HPMC scaffold was cytocompatible and 
      supported the attachment, proliferation of osteoblast (Saos-2) cells. Thus, the 
      development of a non-toxic chemical cross-linking system with HPMC was 
      investigated to fabricate K/HA/HPMC scaffold and our results showed great 
      potential of these scaffolds to regenerate alveolar bone due to their structural 
      similarity and excellent in vitro biocompatibility.
CI  - (c) 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
FAU - Feroz, Sandleen
AU  - Feroz S
AD  - Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 
      Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
FAU - Dias, George
AU  - Dias G
AD  - Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 
      Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20211029
PL  - England
TA  - Heliyon
JT  - Heliyon
JID - 101672560
PMC - PMC8571510
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - (Hydroxypropyl) methylcellulose
OT  - Alveolar bone
OT  - Dental implants
OT  - Hydroxyapatite
OT  - Keratin
OT  - Tissue engineering
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/11/13 06:00
MHDA- 2021/11/13 06:01
PMCR- 2021/10/29
CRDT- 2021/11/12 07:09
PHST- 2021/07/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/09/08 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/10/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/11/12 07:09 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/11/13 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/11/13 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/10/29 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S2405-8440(21)02397-5 [pii]
AID - e08294 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08294 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Heliyon. 2021 Oct 29;7(11):e08294. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08294. 
      eCollection 2021 Nov.