PMID- 34779138
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220314
LR  - 20231105
IS  - 1757-4684 (Electronic)
IS  - 1757-4676 (Print)
IS  - 1757-4676 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 1
DP  - 2022 Jan 11
TI  - The ups and downs of caloric restriction and fasting: from molecular effects to 
      clinical application.
PG  - e14418
LID - 10.15252/emmm.202114418 [doi]
LID - e14418
AB  - Age-associated diseases are rising to pandemic proportions, exposing the need for 
      efficient and low-cost methods to tackle these maladies at symptomatic, 
      behavioral, metabolic, and physiological levels. While nutrition and health are 
      closely intertwined, our limited understanding of how diet precisely influences 
      disease often precludes the medical use of specific dietary interventions. 
      Caloric restriction (CR) has approached clinical application as a powerful, yet 
      simple, dietary modulation that extends both life- and healthspan in model 
      organisms and ameliorates various diseases. However, due to psychological and 
      social-behavioral limitations, CR may be challenging to implement into real life. 
      Thus, CR-mimicking interventions have been developed, including intermittent 
      fasting, time-restricted eating, and macronutrient modulation. Nonetheless, 
      possible side effects of CR and alternatives thereof must be carefully 
      considered. We summarize key concepts and differences in these dietary 
      interventions in humans, discuss their molecular effects, and shed light on 
      advantages and disadvantages.
CI  - (c) 2021 The Authors. Published under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.
FAU - Hofer, Sebastian J
AU  - Hofer SJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0756-0014
AD  - Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
AD  - BioHealth Graz, Graz, Austria.
AD  - BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
FAU - Carmona-Gutierrez, Didac
AU  - Carmona-Gutierrez D
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7548-7771
AD  - Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
FAU - Mueller, Melanie I
AU  - Mueller MI
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7472-2677
AD  - Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
FAU - Madeo, Frank
AU  - Madeo F
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5070-1329
AD  - Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
AD  - BioHealth Graz, Graz, Austria.
AD  - BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20211115
PL  - England
TA  - EMBO Mol Med
JT  - EMBO molecular medicine
JID - 101487380
SB  - IM
MH  - *Caloric Restriction
MH  - Diet
MH  - *Fasting/physiology
MH  - Humans
PMC - PMC8749464
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - caloric restriction
OT  - fasting
OT  - healthspan
OT  - intermittent fasting
OT  - lifespan
OT  - time-restricted eating
COIS- F.M. and D.C.-G. are scientific cofounders of Samsara Therapeutics, a company 
      that develops novel pharmacological autophagy inducers. F.M. has equity interests 
      in and is advisor of TLL, The Longevity Labs GmbH. D.C.-G. has equity interests 
      in TLL, The Longevity Labs GmbH. S.J.H and M.I.M. declare that they have no 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/11/16 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/15 06:00
PMCR- 2022/01/11
CRDT- 2021/11/15 07:34
PHST- 2021/10/05 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/04/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/10/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/11/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/15 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/11/15 07:34 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/01/11 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - EMMM202114418 [pii]
AID - 10.15252/emmm.202114418 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - EMBO Mol Med. 2022 Jan 11;14(1):e14418. doi: 10.15252/emmm.202114418. Epub 2021 
      Nov 15.