PMID- 34785395
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220404
LR  - 20220405
IS  - 2212-8778 (Electronic)
IS  - 2212-8778 (Linking)
VI  - 57
DP  - 2022 Mar
TI  - Impacts of essential amino acids on energy balance.
PG  - 101393
LID - S2212-8778(21)00248-9 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101393 [doi]
LID - 101393
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obesity develops due to an imbalance in energy homeostasis, wherein 
      energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Accumulating evidence shows that 
      manipulations of dietary protein and their component amino acids affect the 
      energy balance, resulting in changes in fat mass and body weight. Amino acids are 
      not only the building blocks of proteins but also serve as signals regulating 
      multiple biological pathways. SCOPE OF REVIEW: We present the currently available 
      evidence regarding the effects of dietary alterations of a single essential amino 
      acid (EAA) on energy balance and relevant signaling mechanisms at both central 
      and peripheral levels. We summarize the association between EAAs and obesity in 
      humans and the clinical use of modifying the dietary EAA composition for 
      therapeutic intervention in obesity. Finally, similar mechanisms underlying diets 
      varying in protein levels and diets altered of a single EAA are described. The 
      current review would expand our understanding of the contribution of protein and 
      amino acids to energy balance control, thus helping discover novel therapeutic 
      approaches for obesity and related diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: Changes in 
      circulating EAA levels, particularly increased branched-chain amino acids 
      (BCAAs), have been reported in obese human and animal models. Alterations in 
      dietary EAA intake result in improvements in fat and weight loss in rodents, and 
      each has its distinct mechanism. For example, leucine deprivation increases 
      energy expenditure, reduces food intake and fat mass, primarily through 
      regulation of the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) and mammalian target 
      of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Methionine restriction by 80% decreases fat mass 
      and body weight while developing hyperphagia, primarily through fibroblast growth 
      factor 21 (FGF-21) signaling. Some effects of diets with different protein levels 
      on energy homeostasis are mediated by similar mechanisms. However, reports on the 
      effects and underlying mechanisms of dietary EAA imbalances on human body weight 
      are few, and more investigations are needed in future.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.
FAU - Xiao, Fei
AU  - Xiao F
AD  - CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center 
      for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute 
      of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese 
      Academy of Sciences, China.
FAU - Guo, Feifan
AU  - Guo F
AD  - CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center 
      for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute 
      of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese 
      Academy of Sciences, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth 
      People's Hospital, China. Electronic address: ffguo@sibs.ac.cn.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20211114
PL  - Germany
TA  - Mol Metab
JT  - Molecular metabolism
JID - 101605730
RN  - 0 (Amino Acids, Branched-Chain)
RN  - 0 (Amino Acids, Essential)
RN  - 0 (Dietary Proteins)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amino Acids, Branched-Chain/metabolism
MH  - *Amino Acids, Essential/metabolism
MH  - Animals
MH  - Dietary Proteins/metabolism
MH  - *Energy Metabolism
MH  - Hyperphagia
MH  - Mammals/metabolism
PMC - PMC8829800
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Energy balance
OT  - Essential amino acid
OT  - FGF21
OT  - GCN2
OT  - Protein
OT  - mTOR
EDAT- 2021/11/18 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/05 06:00
PMCR- 2021/11/14
CRDT- 2021/11/17 05:54
PHST- 2021/08/27 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/10/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/11/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/11/18 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/05 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/11/17 05:54 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/11/14 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S2212-8778(21)00248-9 [pii]
AID - 101393 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101393 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Mol Metab. 2022 Mar;57:101393. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101393. Epub 2021 Nov 
      14.