PMID- 34785492
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20211206
LR  - 20211214
IS  - 1873-4235 (Electronic)
IS  - 0956-5663 (Linking)
VI  - 197
DP  - 2022 Feb 1
TI  - A smartphone-based electroporation system with highly robust and low-voltage 
      silicon nanopillar chips.
PG  - 113776
LID - S0956-5663(21)00813-7 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113776 [doi]
AB  - In this work, a novel smartphone-based electroporation (EP) system integrated 
      with 3D scalable and robust gold-coated silicon-nanopillar Electroporation (Au-Si 
      NP-EP) chip using projection photolithography is developed, for the first time, 
      for both EP and electric cell lysing (ECL) at low voltages. Au-SiNP-EP chip 
      consists of silicon nanopillars fabricated by using ASML stepper, Deep Reactive 
      Ion Etching (DRIE) process and coated with a gold microelectrode. The silicon 
      nanopillars were optimized based on theoretical analysis and numerical 
      simulations to enhance the electrical field intensity and mechanical strength. 
      The fabricated Au-SiNP-EP chips are tested with both permeable (Acridine Orange 
      (AO) and impermeable (Propidium Iodide (PI)) molecules for HeLa cells at 
      different volts (1-8 V) and pulse duration (1-9 mus). The fabricated chip achieved 
      an optimized EP efficiency of 84.3% and cell viability of 81.4% at a much smaller 
      voltage (4.5V) than reported planar electroporation (PEP) devices (8-100V). 
      Compared with nanostructures-based devices (2-20 V), our devices show both higher 
      mechanical strength and fabrication yield. Besides, a smartphone app integrated 
      with a low-cost open-source portable Arduino-based system is developed to provide 
      optimized electrical protocols for both EP and ECL. The electric cell lysing with 
      ECL efficiency of 97.0% at 7 V and pulse duration of 9 ms has been successfully 
      demonstrated. The experimental results show that the proposed smartphone-based EP 
      system with Au-SiNP EP chips is promising for various applications, including 
      intracellular delivery of various biomolecules, drugs, and release of DNA/RNA 
      molecules from biological cells.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Zhao, Xu
AU  - Zhao X
AD  - Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of 
      Science and Technology, SAR, Hong Kong.
FAU - Izhar
AU  - Izhar
AD  - Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of 
      Science and Technology, SAR, Hong Kong.
FAU - Wang, Xiaoyi
AU  - Wang X
AD  - Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of 
      Science and Technology, SAR, Hong Kong.
FAU - Tavakkoli, Hadi
AU  - Tavakkoli H
AD  - Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of 
      Science and Technology, SAR, Hong Kong.
FAU - Liu, Haixiang
AU  - Liu H
AD  - Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear 
      Water Bay, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong.
FAU - Tang, Benzhong
AU  - Tang B
AD  - Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear 
      Water Bay, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong.
FAU - Lee, Yi-Kuen
AU  - Lee YK
AD  - Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of 
      Science and Technology, SAR, Hong Kong; Department of Chemical and Biological 
      Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, SAR, Hong Kong. 
      Electronic address: meyklee@ust.hk.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20211111
PL  - England
TA  - Biosens Bioelectron
JT  - Biosensors & bioelectronics
JID - 9001289
RN  - Z4152N8IUI (Silicon)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Biosensing Techniques
MH  - Electroporation
MH  - HeLa Cells
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Silicon
MH  - Smartphone
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Electric field enhancement
OT  - Electroporation
OT  - Highly robust
OT  - Low-voltage
OT  - Nanopillar
EDAT- 2021/11/18 06:00
MHDA- 2021/12/15 06:00
CRDT- 2021/11/17 06:09
PHST- 2021/09/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/11/03 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/11/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/11/18 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/12/15 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/11/17 06:09 [entrez]
AID - S0956-5663(21)00813-7 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113776 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Biosens Bioelectron. 2022 Feb 1;197:113776. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113776. Epub 
      2021 Nov 11.