PMID- 34816047
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220428
IS  - 2405-8440 (Print)
IS  - 2405-8440 (Electronic)
IS  - 2405-8440 (Linking)
VI  - 7
IP  - 11
DP  - 2021 Nov
TI  - Non-invasive visual evoked potentials under sevoflurane versus ketamine-xylazine 
      in rats.
PG  - e08360
LID - 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08360 [doi]
LID - e08360
AB  - BACKGROUND: Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) quantifies electrical signals produced 
      in visual cortex in response to visual stimuli. VEP elicited by light flashes is 
      a useful biomarker to evaluate visual function in preclinical models and it can 
      be recorded in awake or anaesthetised state. Different types of anaesthesia 
      influence VEP properties, such as latency, which measures the propagation speed 
      along nerve fibers, and amplitude that quantifies the power of electrical signal. 
      AIM: The goal of this work is to compare VEPs elicited in Dark Agouti rats under 
      two types of anaesthesia: volatile sevoflurane or injectable ketamine-xylazine. 
      METHODS: VEP latency, amplitude, signal-to-noise ratio and recording duration 
      were measured in Dark Agouti rats randomly assigned to two groups, the first 
      subjected to volatile sevoflurane and the second to injectable ketamine-xylazine. 
      Taking advantage of non-invasive flash-VEP recording through epidermal cup 
      electrodes, three time points of VEP recordings were assessed in two weeks 
      intervals. RESULTS: VEP recorded under ketamine-xylazine showed longer latency 
      and higher amplitude compared with sevoflurane, with analogous repeatability over 
      time. However, sevoflurane tended to suppress electrical signals from visual 
      cortex, resulting in a lower signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, VEP procedure 
      duration lasted longer in rats anaesthetised with sevoflurane than 
      ketamine-xylazine. CONCLUSIONS: In Dark Agouti rats, the use of different 
      anaesthesia can influence VEP components in terms of latency and amplitude. 
      Notably, sevoflurane and ketamine-xylazine revealed satisfying repeatability over 
      time, which is critical to perform reliable follow-up studies. Ketamine-xylazine 
      allowed to obtain more clearly discernible VEP components and less background 
      noise, together with a quicker recording procedure and a consequently improved 
      animal safety and welfare.
CI  - (c) 2021 The Author(s).
FAU - Castoldi, Valerio
AU  - Castoldi V
AD  - Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, 
      San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
AD  - Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
FAU - d'Isa, Raffaele
AU  - d'Isa R
AD  - Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, 
      San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
FAU - Marenna, Silvia
AU  - Marenna S
AD  - Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, 
      San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
FAU - Comi, Giancarlo
AU  - Comi G
AD  - Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
AD  - Casa di Cura del Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
FAU - Leocani, Letizia
AU  - Leocani L
AD  - Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, 
      San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
AD  - Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20211109
PL  - England
TA  - Heliyon
JT  - Heliyon
JID - 101672560
PMC - PMC8591496
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Ketamine-xylazine
OT  - Repeatability indices
OT  - Sevoflurane
OT  - Signal-to-noise ratio
OT  - Visual evoked potential
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/11/25 06:00
MHDA- 2021/11/25 06:01
PMCR- 2021/11/09
CRDT- 2021/11/24 06:36
PHST- 2021/01/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/03/19 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/11/05 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/11/24 06:36 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/11/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/11/25 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/11/09 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S2405-8440(21)02463-4 [pii]
AID - e08360 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08360 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Heliyon. 2021 Nov 9;7(11):e08360. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08360. eCollection 
      2021 Nov.