PMID- 34855645
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220719
LR  - 20230818
IS  - 1872-6623 (Electronic)
IS  - 0304-3959 (Linking)
VI  - 163
IP  - 8
DP  - 2022 Aug 1
TI  - Long-term prescription opioid users' risk for new-onset depression increases with 
      frequency of use.
PG  - 1581-1589
LID - 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002547 [doi]
AB  - Long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) is associated with increased risk for depression. 
      It is not known if the frequency of opioid use during LTOT is associated with 
      new-onset depression. We used Optum's de-identified Integrated Claims-Clinical 
      dataset (2010-2018) to create a cohort of 5146 patients, 18 to 80 years of age, 
      with an encounter or claims in the year before new LTOT. New LTOT was defined by 
      >90-day opioid use after remaining opioid free for 6 months. Opioid use frequency 
      during the first 90 days of LTOT was categorized into occasional use (<50% days 
      covered), intermittent use (50% to <80% days covered), frequent use (80% to <90% 
      days covered), and daily use (>/=90% days covered). Propensity scores and inverse 
      probability of exposure weighting controlled for confounding in models estimating 
      risk for new-onset depression. Patients were on average 54.5 (SD +/- 13.6) years of 
      age, 55.7% were female, 72.5% were White, and 9.5% were African American. After 
      controlling for confounding, daily users (hazard ratio = 1.40; 95% confidence 
      interval: 1.14-1.73) and frequent users (hazard ratio = 1.34; 95% confidence 
      interval: 1.05-1.71) were significantly more likely to develop new-onset 
      depression compared with occasional users. This association remained after 
      accounting for the contribution of post-index pain diagnoses and opioid use 
      disorder. In LTOT, risk for new depression episodes is up to 40% greater in 
      near-daily users compared with occasional users. Patients could reduce depression 
      risk by avoiding opioid use on as many low pain days as possible. Repeated 
      screening for depression during LTOT is warranted.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2022 International Association for the Study of Pain.
FAU - Scherrer, Jeffrey F
AU  - Scherrer JF
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9148-2863
AD  - Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of 
      Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
AD  - Advanced HEAlth Data (AHEAD) Research Institute, Saint Louis University School of 
      Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
FAU - Salas, Joanne
AU  - Salas J
AD  - Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of 
      Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
AD  - Advanced HEAlth Data (AHEAD) Research Institute, Saint Louis University School of 
      Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
FAU - Miller-Matero, Lisa R
AU  - Miller-Matero LR
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7044-7831
AD  - Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research and Behavioral Health 
      Services, Henry Ford Health System, One Ford Place, Detroit, MI, United States.
FAU - Sullivan, Mark D
AU  - Sullivan MD
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4396-6038
AD  - Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Washington School 
      of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.
FAU - Ballantyne, Jane C
AU  - Ballantyne JC
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0741-9771
AD  - Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, 
      Seattle, WA, United States.
FAU - Debar, Lynn
AU  - Debar L
AD  - Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United 
      States.
FAU - Grucza, Richard A
AU  - Grucza RA
AD  - Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of 
      Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
AD  - Advanced HEAlth Data (AHEAD) Research Institute, Saint Louis University School of 
      Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
FAU - Lustman, Patrick J
AU  - Lustman PJ
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 
      MO, United States.
FAU - Ahmedani, Brian
AU  - Ahmedani B
AD  - Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research and Behavioral Health 
      Services, Henry Ford Health System, One Ford Place, Detroit, MI, United States.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20211130
PL  - United States
TA  - Pain
JT  - Pain
JID - 7508686
RN  - 0 (Analgesics, Opioid)
SB  - IM
MH  - Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects
MH  - *Chronic Pain/drug therapy
MH  - Depression/epidemiology
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology
MH  - Prescriptions
MH  - Propensity Score
MH  - Retrospective Studies
EDAT- 2021/12/03 06:00
MHDA- 2022/07/20 06:00
CRDT- 2021/12/02 17:24
PHST- 2021/09/13 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/11/19 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/12/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/07/20 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/12/02 17:24 [entrez]
AID - 00006396-202208000-00020 [pii]
AID - 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002547 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Pain. 2022 Aug 1;163(8):1581-1589. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002547. Epub 
      2021 Nov 30.