PMID- 34882708
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220107
LR  - 20220107
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 16
IP  - 12
DP  - 2021
TI  - Investigation of the impact of commonly used medications on the oral microbiome 
      of individuals living without major chronic conditions.
PG  - e0261032
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0261032 [doi]
LID - e0261032
AB  - BACKGROUND: Commonly used medications produce changes in the gut microbiota, 
      however, the impact of these medications on the composition of the oral 
      microbiota is understudied. METHODS: Saliva samples were obtained from 846 
      females and 368 males aged 35-69 years from a Canadian population cohort, the 
      Atlantic Partnership for Tomorrow's Health (PATH). Samples were analyzed by 16S 
      rRNA gene sequencing and differences in microbial community compositions between 
      nonusers, single-, and multi-drug users as well as the 3 most commonly used 
      medications (thyroid hormones, statins, and proton pump inhibitors (PPI)) were 
      examined. RESULTS: Twenty-six percent of participants were taking 1 medication 
      and 21% were reported taking 2 or more medications. Alpha diversity indices of 
      Shannon diversity, Evenness, Richness, and Faith's phylogenetic diversity were 
      similar among groups, likewise beta diversity as measured by Bray-Curtis 
      dissimilarity (R2 = 0.0029, P = 0.053) and weighted UniFrac distances (R2 = 
      0.0028, P = 0.161) were non-significant although close to our alpha value 
      threshold (P = 0.05). After controlling for covariates (sex, age, BMI), six 
      genera (Saprospiraceae uncultured, Bacillus, Johnsonella, Actinobacillus, 
      Stenotrophomonas, and Mycoplasma) were significantly different from 
      non-medication users. Thyroid hormones, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) 
      and PPI were the most reported medications. Shannon diversity differed 
      significantly among those taking no medication and those taking only thyroid 
      hormones, however, there were no significant difference in other measures of 
      alpha- or beta diversity with single thyroid hormone, statin, or PPI use. 
      Compared to participants taking no medications, the relative abundance of eight 
      genera differed significantly in participants taking thyroid hormones, six genera 
      differed in participants taking statins, and no significant differences were 
      observed with participants taking PPI. CONCLUSION: The results from this study 
      show negligible effect of commonly used medications on microbial diversity and 
      small differences in the relative abundance of specific taxa, suggesting a 
      minimal influence of commonly used medication on the salivary microbiome of 
      individuals living without major chronic conditions.
FAU - DeClercq, Vanessa
AU  - DeClercq V
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4724-7089
AD  - Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
AD  - Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, 
      Nova Scotia, Canada.
FAU - Nearing, Jacob T
AU  - Nearing JT
AD  - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova 
      Scotia, Canada.
FAU - Langille, Morgan G I
AU  - Langille MGI
AD  - Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
AD  - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova 
      Scotia, Canada.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20211209
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
RN  - 0 (Pharmaceutical Preparations)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Aged
MH  - Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification
MH  - Canada/epidemiology
MH  - Case-Control Studies
MH  - Chronic Disease/*drug therapy/epidemiology
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Microbiota/*drug effects
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Pharmaceutical Preparations/*administration & dosage
MH  - Phylogeny
MH  - RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics
MH  - Saliva/drug effects/*microbiology
PMC - PMC8659300
COIS- The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2021/12/10 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/08 06:00
PMCR- 2021/12/09
CRDT- 2021/12/09 17:29
PHST- 2021/06/24 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/11/22 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/12/09 17:29 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/12/10 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/08 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/12/09 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-21-20779 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0261032 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2021 Dec 9;16(12):e0261032. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261032. 
      eCollection 2021.