PMID- 34939703
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220207
LR  - 20220207
IS  - 1600-0668 (Electronic)
IS  - 0905-6947 (Linking)
VI  - 32
IP  - 1
DP  - 2022 Jan
TI  - Characteristics of ultrafine particles emitted from 3D-pens and effect of 
      partition on children's exposure during 3D-pen operation.
PG  - e12978
LID - 10.1111/ina.12978 [doi]
AB  - A three-dimensional (3D) printing pen is a popular writing instrument that uses a 
      heated nozzle, and is similar to a 3D-printer. Processing thermoplastic filaments 
      with a 3D-pen can emit ultrafine particles (UFPs). 3D-pen education sessions were 
      held with " product operator"-shaped partitions for the prevention of coronavirus disease 
      (COVID-19). This study aimed to characterize UFP emissions from two types of 
      3D-pens and evaluate the influence of " product operator"-shaped partitions on UFP exposure. 
      Measurements of UFP emission rates and the size distribution of particles emitted 
      from 3D-pens were conducted in a chamber (2.5 m(3) ). The partition's influence 
      on UFP exposure was evaluated with and without a " product operator"-shaped partition on a desk. 
      A scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and an optical particle spectrometer 
      (OPS) were used to measure the particle number concentration (PNC) and size 
      distribution. For both 3D-pen A and B, the average emission rates were 
      statistically significantly highest for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 
      filament (8.4 x 10(6) [3.4] particles/min and 1.1 x 10(6) [1.8] particles/min), 
      followed by polylactic acid (PLA) (2.8 x 10(5) [1.5] particles/min and 
      4.8 x 10(4) [1.8] particles/min) and polycaprolactone (PCL) filaments 
      (1.4 x 10(4) [2.8] particles/min and 2.0 x 10(4) [2.8] particles/min). For all 
      filaments, particles in the Aitken mode (30-100 nm) accounted for the highest 
      proportion. In 3D-pen A, PNCs were higher with the partition than without it for 
      ABS (1.2 x 10(6) [1.15] particles/cm(3) vs. 1.4 x 10(5) [1.29] particles/cm(3) ) 
      and PLA (6.2 x 10(5) [1.38] particles/cm(3) vs. 8.9 x 10(4) [1.12] 
      particles/cm(3) ), whereas for 3D-pen B, they were higher with the partition for 
      ABS (9.6 x 10(5) [1.13] particles/cm(3) vs. 4.9 x 10(5) [1.22] particles/cm(3) ) 
      only. With the partition installed, PNCs decreased to the background level after 
      the operation ended, whereas it took 2-6 min without the partition. However, the 
      mass concentrations of PLA and PCL with 3D-pen A were not statistically 
      significantly different with respect to the partition status. The use of 3D-pens 
      with a partition can lead to high UFP exposure. Therefore, guidelines are 
      required for the safe use of 3D-pens and partitions.
CI  - (c) 2021 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
FAU - Kim, Donghyun
AU  - Kim D
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9261-1877
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, 
      Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea.
FAU - Lee, Kiyoung
AU  - Lee K
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4792-190X
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, 
      Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea.
AD  - Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 
      Korea.
LA  - eng
GR  - NRF-5199990214126/National Research Foundation of Korea/
GR  - BK21/Korea Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology/
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20211223
PL  - England
TA  - Indoor Air
JT  - Indoor air
JID - 9423515
RN  - 0 (Air Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Particulate Matter)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Air Pollutants/analysis
MH  - *Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Child
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Humans
MH  - Particle Size
MH  - Particulate Matter/analysis
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - 3D-pen
OT  - children's exposure
OT  - nozzle temperature
OT  - partition
OT  - thermoplastic filament
OT  - ultrafine particles
EDAT- 2021/12/24 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/08 06:00
CRDT- 2021/12/23 08:51
PHST- 2021/12/12 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/08/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/12/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/12/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/08 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/12/23 08:51 [entrez]
AID - 10.1111/ina.12978 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Indoor Air. 2022 Jan;32(1):e12978. doi: 10.1111/ina.12978. Epub 2021 Dec 23.