PMID- 34941742
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220225
LR  - 20231108
IS  - 2072-6651 (Electronic)
IS  - 2072-6651 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 12
DP  - 2021 Dec 16
TI  - Unknown Extracellular and Bioactive Metabolites of the Genus Alexandrium: A 
      Review of Overlooked Toxins.
LID - 10.3390/toxins13120905 [doi]
LID - 905
AB  - Various species of Alexandrium can produce a number of bioactive compounds, e.g., 
      paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), spirolides, gymnodimines, goniodomins, and 
      also uncharacterised bioactive extracellular compounds (BECs). The latter 
      metabolites are released into the environment and affect a large range of 
      organisms (from protists to fishes and mammalian cell lines). These compounds 
      mediate allelochemical interactions, have anti-grazing and anti-parasitic 
      activities, and have a potentially strong structuring role for the dynamic of 
      Alexandrium blooms. In many studies evaluating the effects of Alexandrium on 
      marine organisms, only the classical toxins were reported and the involvement of 
      BECs was not considered. A lack of information on the presence/absence of BECs in 
      experimental strains is likely the cause of contrasting results in the literature 
      that render impossible a distinction between PSTs and BECs effects. We review the 
      knowledge on Alexandrium BEC, (i.e., producing species, target cells, 
      physiological effects, detection methods and molecular candidates). Overall, we 
      highlight the need to identify the nature of Alexandrium BECs and urge further 
      research on the chemical interactions according to their ecological importance in 
      the planktonic chemical warfare and due to their potential collateral damage to a 
      wide range of organisms.
FAU - Long, Marc
AU  - Long M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7647-792X
AD  - IFREMER, Centre de Brest, DYNECO Pelagos, 29280 Plouzane, France.
FAU - Krock, Bernd
AU  - Krock B
AD  - Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 
      Bremerhaven, Germany.
FAU - Castrec, Justine
AU  - Castrec J
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0180-6327
AD  - University Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzane, France.
AD  - Station de Recherches Sous-Marines et Oceanographiques (STARESO), Punta 
      Revellata, BP33, 20260 Calvi, France.
FAU - Tillmann, Urban
AU  - Tillmann U
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8207-4382
AD  - Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 
      Bremerhaven, Germany.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20211216
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Toxins (Basel)
JT  - Toxins
JID - 101530765
RN  - 0 (Marine Toxins)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Dinoflagellida/*metabolism
MH  - Marine Toxins/chemistry/*metabolism/*toxicity
PMC - PMC8703713
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - allelopathy
OT  - bioactivity
OT  - chemical ecology
OT  - dinoflagellate
OT  - lytic
OT  - paralytic shellfish toxin
OT  - secondary metabolite
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/12/24 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/26 06:00
PMCR- 2021/12/16
CRDT- 2021/12/23 17:22
PHST- 2021/11/08 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/12/08 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/12/14 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/12/23 17:22 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/12/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/26 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/12/16 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - toxins13120905 [pii]
AID - toxins-13-00905 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/toxins13120905 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Toxins (Basel). 2021 Dec 16;13(12):905. doi: 10.3390/toxins13120905.