PMID- 34941764
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230506
IS  - 2305-6304 (Electronic)
IS  - 2305-6304 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 12
DP  - 2021 Dec 2
TI  - Prenatal Exposure to Chemical Mixtures and Cognitive Flexibility among 
      Adolescents.
LID - 10.3390/toxics9120329 [doi]
LID - 329
AB  - Cognitive flexibility, the ability to smoothly adapt to changing circumstances, 
      is a skill that is vital to higher-level executive functions such as 
      problem-solving, planning, and reasoning. As it undergoes substantial development 
      during adolescence, decrements in cognitive flexibility may not become apparent 
      until this time. There is evidence that prenatal exposure to individual chemicals 
      may adversely impact executive functions in children, but few studies have 
      explored the association of co-exposure to multiple chemicals with cognitive 
      flexibility specifically among adolescents. We investigated this association 
      among a diverse group of adolescents living near a Superfund site in New Bedford, 
      Massachusetts. Specifically, using Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and 
      multivariable regression analyses, we investigated the association of biomarkers 
      of prenatal exposure to organochlorines (DDE, HCB, PCBs) and metals (lead, 
      manganese) with cognitive flexibility, measured with four subtests of the 
      Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. In BKMR models, we observed adverse joint 
      associations of the chemical mixture with two of the four cognitive flexibility 
      subtests. In covariate-adjusted linear regression models, a two-fold increase in 
      cord blood Mn was associated with poorer performance on two of the subtests: 
      Trail-Making (scaled score difference = -0.60; 95% CI: -1.16, -0.05 points) and 
      Color-Word Interference (scaled score difference = -0.53; 95% CI: -1.08, 0.01 
      points). These adverse Mn-cognitive flexibility associations were supported by 
      the results of the BKMR. There was little evidence of effect modification by sex 
      and some evidence of effect modification by a measure of social disadvantage, 
      particularly for the associations between HCB and cognitive flexibility. This 
      study is among the first to provide evidence of an adverse association of 
      prenatal exposure to a chemical mixture with cognitive flexibility in 
      adolescence.
FAU - Oppenheimer, Anna V
AU  - Oppenheimer AV
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9180-7007
AD  - Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 
      Boston, MA 02115, USA.
FAU - Bellinger, David C
AU  - Bellinger DC
AD  - Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 
      Boston, MA 02115, USA.
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
FAU - Coull, Brent A
AU  - Coull BA
AD  - Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 
      Boston, MA 02115, USA.
AD  - Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 
      MA 02115, USA.
FAU - Weisskopf, Marc G
AU  - Weisskopf MG
AD  - Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 
      Boston, MA 02115, USA.
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 
      02115, USA.
FAU - Korrick, Susan A
AU  - Korrick SA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5966-1036
AD  - Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 
      Boston, MA 02115, USA.
AD  - Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard 
      Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - P30 ES000002/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - T42OH008416/ACL/ACL HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20211202
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Toxics
JT  - Toxics
JID - 101639637
PMC - PMC8708222
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - adolescent neurodevelopment
OT  - chemical mixtures
OT  - cognitive flexibility
OT  - executive function
OT  - metals
OT  - organochlorines
OT  - prenatal exposures
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/12/24 06:00
MHDA- 2021/12/24 06:01
PMCR- 2021/12/02
CRDT- 2021/12/23 17:22
PHST- 2021/10/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/11/18 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/11/23 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/12/23 17:22 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/12/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/12/24 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/12/02 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - toxics9120329 [pii]
AID - toxics-09-00329 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/toxics9120329 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Toxics. 2021 Dec 2;9(12):329. doi: 10.3390/toxics9120329.