PMID- 34941910
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220111
LR  - 20220111
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 16
IP  - 12
DP  - 2021
TI  - Less is more? Ultra-low carbohydrate diet and working dogs' performance.
PG  - e0261506
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0261506 [doi]
LID - e0261506
AB  - New Zealand farm working dogs are supreme athletes that are crucial to 
      agriculture in the region. The effects that low or high dietary carbohydrate 
      (CHO) content might have on their interstitial glucose (IG) and activity during 
      work are unknown. The goals of the study were to determine if the concentration 
      of IG and delta-g (a measurement of activity) will be lower in dogs fed an 
      ultra-low CHO high fat diet in comparison to dogs fed a high CHO low fat diet, 
      and to determine if low concentrations of IG are followed by reduced physical 
      activity. We hypothesized that feeding working farm dogs an ultra-low CHO diet 
      would reduce their IG concentrations which in turn would reduce physical activity 
      during work. We prospectively recruited 22 farm dogs from four farms. At each 
      farm, dogs were randomized to one of two diets and had a month of dietary 
      acclimation to their allocated diet. The macronutrient proportions as a 
      percentage of metabolizable energy (%ME) for the high CHO low fat diet (Diet 1) 
      were 23% protein, 25% fat, and 52% CHO, and for the ultra-low CHO high fat diet 
      (Diet 2) 37% protein, 63% fat, and 1% CHO. Following the acclimation period, we 
      continuously monitored IG concentrations with flash glucose monitoring devices, 
      and delta-g using triaxial accelerometers for 96 h. Dogs fed Diet 2 had a lower 
      area under the curve (+/-SE) for IG (AUC Diet 2 = 497 +/- 4 mmol/L/96h, AUC Diet 1 = 
      590 +/- 3 mmol/L/96h; P = 0.002) but a higher area under the curve (+/-SE) for 
      delta-g (AUC Diet 2 = 104,122 +/- 6,045 delta-g/96h, AUC Diet 1 = 80,904 +/- 4,950 
      delta-g/96h; P< 0.001). Interstitial glucose concentrations increased as the 
      activity level increased (P < 0.001) and were lower for Diet 2 within each 
      activity level (P < 0.001). The overall incidence of low IG readings (< 3.5 
      mmol/L) was 119/3810 (3.12%), of which 110 (92.4%) readings occurred in the Diet 
      2 group (P = 0.001). In the Diet 2 group, 99/110 (90%) of the low IG events 
      occurred during the resting period (19:00-06:00). We conclude that feeding Diet 2 
      (ultra-low CHO high fat diet) to working farm dogs was associated with increased 
      delta-g despite decreased IG concentrations. Interstitial glucose concentrations 
      were positively associated with dogs' activity levels independent of diet. 
      Lastly, events of low IG occurred at a low incidence and were predominantly seen 
      between 19:00-06:00 in dogs fed the ultra-low CHO high fat diet.
FAU - Gal, Arnon
AU  - Gal A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6449-2812
AD  - Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 
      University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of 
      America.
FAU - Cuttance, Williams
AU  - Cuttance W
AD  - VetEnt Te Kuiti, Hamilton, New Zealand.
FAU - Cave, Nick
AU  - Cave N
AD  - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
FAU - Lopez-Villalobos, Nicolas
AU  - Lopez-Villalobos N
AD  - School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New 
      Zealand.
FAU - Herndon, Aaron
AU  - Herndon A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9251-4580
AD  - School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 
      Australia.
FAU - Giles, Juila
AU  - Giles J
AD  - Totally Vets, Feilding, New Zealand.
FAU - Burchell, Richard
AU  - Burchell R
AD  - North Coast Veterinary Specialist and Referral Centre, Sunshine Coast, 
      Queensland, Australia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20211223
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
RN  - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)
RN  - 0 (Dietary Fats)
RN  - IY9XDZ35W2 (Glucose)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - *Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted
MH  - Diet, Fat-Restricted
MH  - Diet, High-Fat
MH  - *Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism
MH  - Dietary Fats/metabolism
MH  - Dogs
MH  - Female
MH  - Glucose/analysis/metabolism
MH  - Male
MH  - Random Allocation
MH  - Working Dogs/*physiology
PMC - PMC8699952
COIS- The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2021/12/24 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/12 06:00
PMCR- 2021/12/23
CRDT- 2021/12/23 17:25
PHST- 2021/01/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/12/05 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/12/23 17:25 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/12/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/12 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/12/23 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-21-02404 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0261506 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2021 Dec 23;16(12):e0261506. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261506. 
      eCollection 2021.