PMID- 34952408
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220128
LR  - 20220128
IS  - 1879-3363 (Electronic)
IS  - 0025-326X (Linking)
VI  - 174
DP  - 2022 Jan
TI  - How can ports act to reduce underwater noise from shipping? Identifying effective 
      management frameworks.
PG  - 113136
LID - S0025-326X(21)01170-X [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113136 [doi]
AB  - This paper aims to find mechanisms to align commercial interests with underwater 
      noise reductions from commercial shipping. Through a survey and a series of 
      interviews with representative stakeholders, we find that while acknowledging the 
      wide variations in ports' specificities, port actions could support the reduction 
      in underwater noise emissions from commercial shipping through changes in hull, 
      propeller and engine design, and through operational measures associated with 
      reduced speed, change of route and travel in convoy. Though the impact of 
      underwater noise emissions on marine fauna is increasingly shown to be serious 
      and wide-spread, there is uncertainty in the mechanisms, the contexts, and the 
      levels which should lead to action, requiring precautionary management. Vessels 
      owners are already dealing with significant investment and operating costs to 
      comply with fuel, ballast water, NOx and CO2 requirements. To be successful, 
      underwater noise programs should align with these factors. Based on a multiple 
      criteria decision making (MCDM) approach, we find a set of compromise solutions 
      for a wide range of stakeholders. Ports could propose actions such as discounted 
      port fees and reduced ship waiting times at ports, both depending on underwater 
      noise performance. Cooperation between ports to scale up actions through 
      environmental indexes and classification societies' notations, and integration 
      with other ports' actions could help support this. However, few vessels know 
      their underwater noise baseline as there are very few hydrophone stations, and 
      measurement methodologies are not standardized. Costs increase and availability 
      decreases dramatically if the vessel buyer wants to improve the noise profile. 
      Local demands regarding airborne noise close to airports boosted global pressure 
      on the aviation industry to adopt existing quieting technology. This experience 
      of the aviation noise control could inform the underwater noise process.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Virto, Laura Recuero
AU  - Virto LR
AD  - Centre for the Law and Economics of the Sea (UMR M101 AMURE), European Institute 
      for Marine Studies, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzane, France; 
      Interdisciplinary Institute for Innovation (UMR 9217 i3), Ecole Polytechnique, 
      Batiment Ensta, 828, Boulevard des Marechaux, 91762 Palaiseau Cedex, France. 
      Electronic address: laura.recuero-virto@polytechnique.edu.
FAU - Dumez, Herve
AU  - Dumez H
AD  - Interdisciplinary Institute for Innovation (UMR 9217 i3), Ecole Polytechnique, 
      Batiment Ensta, 828, Boulevard des Marechaux, 91762 Palaiseau Cedex, France. 
      Electronic address: herve.dumez@polytechnique.edu.
FAU - Romero, Carlos
AU  - Romero C
AD  - ETS Ingenieros de Montes, Forestales y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politecnica 
      de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: 
      carlos.romero@upm.es.
FAU - Bailly, Denis
AU  - Bailly D
AD  - Centre for the Law and Economics of the Sea (UMR M101 AMURE), European Institute 
      for Marine Studies, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzane, France. Electronic 
      address: denis.bailly@univ-brest.fr.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20211221
PL  - England
TA  - Mar Pollut Bull
JT  - Marine pollution bulletin
JID - 0260231
SB  - IM
MH  - *Noise
MH  - *Ships
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Noise
OT  - Ocean
OT  - Pollution
OT  - Shipping
EDAT- 2021/12/25 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/29 06:00
CRDT- 2021/12/24 20:22
PHST- 2021/08/07 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/11/05 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/11/09 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/12/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/29 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/12/24 20:22 [entrez]
AID - S0025-326X(21)01170-X [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113136 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Mar Pollut Bull. 2022 Jan;174:113136. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113136. Epub 
      2021 Dec 21.