PMID- 34959861
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220121
LR  - 20240405
IS  - 2072-6643 (Electronic)
IS  - 2072-6643 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 12
DP  - 2021 Nov 29
TI  - The Effect of Isolated and Combined Application of Menthol and Carbohydrate Mouth 
      Rinses on 40 km Time Trial Performance, Physiological and Perceptual Measures in 
      the Heat.
LID - 10.3390/nu13124309 [doi]
LID - 4309
AB  - The current study compared mouth swills containing carbohydrate (CHO), menthol 
      (MEN) or a combination (BOTH) on 40 km cycling time trial (TT) performance in the 
      heat (32  degrees C, 40% humidity, 1000 W radiant load) and investigates associated 
      physiological (rectal temperature (Trec), heart rate (HR)) and subjective 
      measures (thermal comfort (TC), thermal sensation (TS), thirst, oral cooling (OC) 
      and RPE (legs and lungs)). Eight recreationally trained male cyclists (32 +/- 9 y; 
      height: 180.9 +/- 7.0 cm; weight: 76.3 +/- 10.4 kg) completed familiarisation and 
      three experimental trials, swilling either MEN, CHO or BOTH at 10 km intervals 
      (5, 15, 25, 35 km). The 40 km TT performance did not differ significantly between 
      conditions (F(2,14) = 0.343; p = 0.715; eta(2) = 0.047), yet post-hoc testing 
      indicated small differences between MEN and CHO (d = 0.225) and MEN and BOTH (d = 
      0.275). Subjective measures (TC, TS, RPE) were significantly affected by distance 
      but showed no significant differences between solutions. Within-subject analysis 
      found significant interactions between solution and location upon OC intensity 
      (F(28,196) = 2.577; p < 0.001; eta(2) = 0.269). While solutions containing MEN 
      resulted in a greater sensation of OC, solutions containing CHO experienced small 
      improvements in TT performance. Stimulation of central CHO pathways during 
      self-paced cycling TT in the heat may be of more importance to performance than 
      perceptual cooling interventions. However, no detrimental effects are seen when 
      interventions are combined.
FAU - Best, Russ
AU  - Best R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9017-1513
AD  - Centre for Sports Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, 
      Hamilton 3200, New Zealand.
FAU - Crosby, Seana
AU  - Crosby S
AD  - Centre for Sports Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, 
      Hamilton 3200, New Zealand.
FAU - Berger, Nicolas
AU  - Berger N
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7276-5246
AD  - School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, 
      UK.
FAU - McDonald, Kerin
AU  - McDonald K
AD  - Centre for Sports Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, 
      Hamilton 3200, New Zealand.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Randomized Controlled Trial
DEP - 20211129
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Nutrients
JT  - Nutrients
JID - 101521595
RN  - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)
RN  - 0 (Mouthwashes)
RN  - 1490-04-6 (Menthol)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Athletic Performance/*physiology
MH  - Bicycling/*physiology
MH  - Body Temperature/drug effects
MH  - Body Temperature Regulation/drug effects
MH  - Dietary Carbohydrates/*administration & dosage
MH  - Double-Blind Method
MH  - Heart Rate/drug effects
MH  - Hot Temperature/adverse effects
MH  - Humans
MH  - Humidity
MH  - Male
MH  - Menthol/*administration & dosage
MH  - Mouth
MH  - Mouthwashes/*administration & dosage/chemistry
MH  - Thermosensing/drug effects
MH  - Thirst/drug effects
PMC - PMC8708984
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - carbohydrate
OT  - cycling
OT  - endurance
OT  - heat
OT  - menthol
OT  - time trial
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/12/29 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/22 06:00
PMCR- 2021/11/29
CRDT- 2021/12/28 01:05
PHST- 2021/10/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/11/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/11/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/12/28 01:05 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/12/29 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/22 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/11/29 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - nu13124309 [pii]
AID - nutrients-13-04309 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/nu13124309 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Nutrients. 2021 Nov 29;13(12):4309. doi: 10.3390/nu13124309.