PMID- 34960009
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220112
LR  - 20240404
IS  - 2072-6643 (Electronic)
IS  - 2072-6643 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 12
DP  - 2021 Dec 14
TI  - Macronutrient Intake in Adults Diagnosed with Metabolic Syndrome: Using the 
      Health Examinee (HEXA) Cohort.
LID - 10.3390/nu13124457 [doi]
LID - 4457
AB  - Macronutrient intake is important in the prevention and management of metabolic 
      syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to evaluate total energy and macronutrient 
      intake of participants diagnosed with MetS at recruitment of the health examinees 
      (HEXA) cohort, considering the plant and animal sources of each macronutrient. We 
      included 130,423 participants aged 40-69 years for analysis. Odds ratios (OR) and 
      95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated to evaluate the intake of 
      macronutrients stratified by gender. Energy and macronutrient intake were 
      estimated by linking food frequency questionnaire data to the Korean food 
      composition database, and were calculated separately for plant and animal foods. 
      Low energy (men: OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92-0.98; women: OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 
      0.95-0.99), and fat intake (men: OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.90-0.96; women: OR = 0.80, 
      95% CI: 0.77-0.83) were observed. Only postmenopausal women had lower intake of 
      total energy (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92-0.97), whereas low fat intake was observed 
      in all women (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.77-0.83). For carbohydrate intake, the OR were 
      1.14 (95% CI: 1.08-1.22) and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.08-1.27) among women in their 50s 
      and 60s, respectively. Protein intake was low (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.86-0.95; and 
      OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.82-0.94) among women in their 50s and 60s, respectively. 
      High intake of plant carbohydrates in women (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.12-1.20), and 
      plant protein in both genders (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.05-1.13) were observed, but 
      low intake of total energy, fat, and animal-source carbohydrates in both genders 
      was also observed. Fat intake was low regardless of food source. In conclusion, 
      high consumption of plant-source macronutrients, and low consumption of 
      animal-source macronutrients was observed in Korean adults diagnosed with MetS. 
      Attention should be directed to plant sources of carbohydrates and proteins when 
      designing population interventions for metabolic syndrome reduction in Korea.
FAU - Park, Hyerim
AU  - Park H
AD  - Department of Preventive Medicine, Kangwon National University School of 
      Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
AD  - Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Bigdata Convergence, Kangwon 
      National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
FAU - Kityo, Anthony
AU  - Kityo A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9212-1413
AD  - Department of Preventive Medicine, Kangwon National University School of 
      Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
FAU - Kim, Yeonjin
AU  - Kim Y
AD  - Department of Preventive Medicine, Kangwon National University School of 
      Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
AD  - Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Bigdata Convergence, Kangwon 
      National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
FAU - Lee, Sang-Ah
AU  - Lee SA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5079-9733
AD  - Department of Preventive Medicine, Kangwon National University School of 
      Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
AD  - Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Bigdata Convergence, Kangwon 
      National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20211214
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Nutrients
JT  - Nutrients
JID - 101521595
RN  - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)
RN  - 0 (Dietary Fats)
RN  - 0 (Dietary Proteins)
RN  - 0 (Plant Proteins)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Aged
MH  - Cohort Studies
MH  - Dietary Carbohydrates
MH  - Dietary Fats
MH  - Dietary Proteins
MH  - Energy Intake
MH  - *Feeding Behavior
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Life Style
MH  - Male
MH  - *Metabolic Syndrome
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Odds Ratio
MH  - Plant Proteins
MH  - Republic of Korea
MH  - Risk Factors
MH  - Socioeconomic Factors
PMC - PMC8706324
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - macronutrient intake
OT  - metabolic syndrome
OT  - the Korean health examinee (HEXA) study
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/12/29 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/13 06:00
PMCR- 2021/12/14
CRDT- 2021/12/28 01:05
PHST- 2021/11/01 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/12/02 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/12/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/12/28 01:05 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/12/29 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/13 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/12/14 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - nu13124457 [pii]
AID - nutrients-13-04457 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/nu13124457 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Nutrients. 2021 Dec 14;13(12):4457. doi: 10.3390/nu13124457.