PMID- 35011868
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220114
IS  - 2077-0383 (Print)
IS  - 2077-0383 (Electronic)
IS  - 2077-0383 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 1
DP  - 2021 Dec 27
TI  - Targeting Aggressive Pituitary Adenomas at the Molecular Level-A Review.
LID - 10.3390/jcm11010124 [doi]
LID - 124
AB  - Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are mostly benign endocrine tumors that can be treated 
      by resection or medication. However, up to 10% of PAs show an aggressive behavior 
      with invasion of adjacent tissue, rapid proliferation, or recurrence. Here, we 
      provide an overview of target structures in aggressive PAs and summarize current 
      clinical trials including, but not limited to, PAs. Mainly, drug targets in PAs 
      are based on general features of tumor cells such as immune checkpoints, so that 
      programmed cell death 1 (ligand 1) (PD-1/PD-L1) targeting may bear potential to 
      cure aggressive PAs. In addition, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), 
      mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 
      fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and their downstream pathways are triggered in 
      PAs, thereby modulating tumor cell proliferation, migration and/or tumor 
      angiogenesis. Temozolomide (TMZ) can be an effective treatment of aggressive PAs. 
      Combination of TMZ with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) or with radiotherapy could 
      strengthen the therapeutic effects as compared to TMZ alone. Dopamine agonists 
      (DAs) are the first line treatment for prolactinomas. Dopamine receptors are also 
      expressed in other subtypes of PAs which renders Das potentially suitable to 
      treat other subtypes of PAs. Furthermore, targeting the invasive behavior of PAs 
      could improve therapy. In this regard, human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 
      family members and estrogens receptors (ERs) are highly expressed in aggressive 
      PAs, and numerous studies demonstrated the role of these proteins to modulate 
      invasiveness of PAs. This leaves a number of treatment options for aggressive PAs 
      as reviewed here.
FAU - Voellger, Benjamin
AU  - Voellger B
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8615-5393
AD  - Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033 
      Marburg, Germany.
FAU - Zhang, Zhuo
AU  - Zhang Z
AD  - Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033 
      Marburg, Germany.
AD  - Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong 
      University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
FAU - Benzel, Julia
AU  - Benzel J
AD  - Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033 
      Marburg, Germany.
AD  - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 
      69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
FAU - Wang, Junwen
AU  - Wang J
AD  - Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033 
      Marburg, Germany.
AD  - Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong 
      University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
FAU - Lei, Ting
AU  - Lei T
AD  - Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong 
      University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
FAU - Nimsky, Christopher
AU  - Nimsky C
AD  - Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033 
      Marburg, Germany.
FAU - Bartsch, Jorg-Walter
AU  - Bartsch JW
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2773-3357
AD  - Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033 
      Marburg, Germany.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20211227
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - J Clin Med
JT  - Journal of clinical medicine
JID - 101606588
PMC - PMC8745122
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - adjuvant treatment
OT  - hormone secretion
OT  - invasiveness
OT  - molecular biology
OT  - pituitary adenomas
OT  - proliferation
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/01/12 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/12 06:01
PMCR- 2021/12/27
CRDT- 2022/01/11 01:16
PHST- 2021/11/07 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/12/11 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/12/21 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/01/11 01:16 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/01/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/12 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/12/27 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - jcm11010124 [pii]
AID - jcm-11-00124 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/jcm11010124 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - J Clin Med. 2021 Dec 27;11(1):124. doi: 10.3390/jcm11010124.