PMID- 35031816
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220201
LR  - 20220218
IS  - 1432-2072 (Electronic)
IS  - 0033-3158 (Print)
IS  - 0033-3158 (Linking)
VI  - 239
IP  - 2
DP  - 2022 Feb
TI  - Analysis of recreational psychedelic substance use experiences classified by 
      substance.
PG  - 643-659
LID - 10.1007/s00213-022-06062-3 [doi]
AB  - RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Differences among psychedelic substances regarding 
      their subjective experiences are clinically and scientifically interesting. 
      Quantitative linguistic analysis is a powerful tool to examine such differences. 
      This study compared five psychedelic substance report groups and a 
      non-psychedelic report group on quantitative linguistic markers of psychological 
      states and processes derived from recreational use-based online experience 
      reports. METHODS: Using 2947 publicly available online reports, we compared 
      Ayahuasca and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT, analyzed together), ketamine, lysergic 
      acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin 
      (mushroom), and antidepressant drug use experiences. We examined word frequencies 
      related to various psychological states and processes and semantic proximity to 
      psychedelic and mystical experience scales. RESULTS: Linguistic markers of 
      psychological function indicated distinct effect profiles. For example, MDMA 
      experience reports featured an emotionally intensifying profile accompanied by 
      many cognitive process words and dynamic-personal language. In contrast, 
      Ayahuasca and DMT experience reports involved relatively little emotional 
      language, few cognitive process words, increased analytical thinking-associated 
      language, and the most semantic similarity with psychedelic and mystical 
      experience descriptions. LSD, psilocybin mushroom, and ketamine reports showed 
      only small differences on the emotion-, analytical thinking-, psychedelic, and 
      mystical experience-related language outcomes. Antidepressant reports featured 
      more negative emotional and cognitive process-related words, fewer positive 
      emotional and analytical thinking-related words, and were generally not similar 
      to mystical and psychedelic language. CONCLUSION: This article addresses an 
      existing research gap regarding the comparison of different psychedelic drugs on 
      linguistic profiles of psychological states, processes, and experiences. The 
      large sample of experience reports involving multiple psychedelic drugs provides 
      valuable information that would otherwise be difficult to obtain. The results 
      could inform experimental research into psychedelic drug effects in healthy 
      populations and clinical trials for psychedelic treatments of psychiatric 
      problems.
CI  - (c) 2022. The Author(s).
FAU - Hase, Adrian
AU  - Hase A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3072-706X
AD  - Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 
      Fribourg, Switzerland. adrian.hase@unifr.ch.
FAU - Erdmann, Max
AU  - Erdmann M
AD  - Faculty of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
FAU - Limbach, Verena
AU  - Limbach V
AD  - Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
FAU - Hasler, Gregor
AU  - Hasler G
AD  - Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 
      Fribourg, Switzerland.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220115
PL  - Germany
TA  - Psychopharmacology (Berl)
JT  - Psychopharmacology
JID - 7608025
RN  - 0 (Hallucinogens)
RN  - 2RV7212BP0 (Psilocybin)
RN  - 8NA5SWF92O (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Hallucinogens/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Humans
MH  - Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/therapeutic use
MH  - *N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/therapeutic use
MH  - Psilocybin/therapeutic use
MH  - *Substance-Related Disorders/drug therapy
PMC - PMC8799548
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Ayahuasca
OT  - DMT
OT  - Erowid
OT  - Ketamine
OT  - LIWC
OT  - LSD
OT  - MDMA
OT  - Psilocybin
COIS- The authors declare no competing interests.
EDAT- 2022/01/16 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/02 06:00
PMCR- 2022/01/15
CRDT- 2022/01/15 05:54
PHST- 2021/04/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/01/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/02 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/15 05:54 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/01/15 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1007/s00213-022-06062-3 [pii]
AID - 6062 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s00213-022-06062-3 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2022 Feb;239(2):643-659. doi: 
      10.1007/s00213-022-06062-3. Epub 2022 Jan 15.