PMID- 35054422
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20240405
IS  - 2075-1729 (Print)
IS  - 2075-1729 (Electronic)
IS  - 2075-1729 (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 1
DP  - 2021 Dec 25
TI  - Role of a Dual Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP)/Glucagon-like 
      Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (Twincretin) in Glycemic Control: From Pathophysiology 
      to Treatment.
LID - 10.3390/life12010029 [doi]
LID - 29
AB  - Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide 
      (GIP) are two gut hormones, defined incretins, responsible for the amplification 
      of insulin secretion after oral glucose intake. Unlike GLP-1, GIP has little 
      acute effect on insulin secretion and no effect on food intake; instead it seems 
      that the GIP may be an obesity-promoting hormone. In patients with type2 diabetes 
      mellitus (T2DM) some studies found a downregulation of GIP receptors on 
      pancreatic beta cells caused by hyperglycemic state, but the glucagonotropic effect 
      persisted. Agonists of the receptor for the GLP-1 have proven successful for the 
      treatment of diabetes, since they reduce the risk for cardiovascular and renal 
      events, but the possible application of GIP as therapy for T2DM is discussed. 
      Moreover, the latest evidence showed a synergetic effect when GIP was combined 
      with GLP-1 in monomolecular co-agonists. In fact, compared with the separate 
      infusion of each hormone, the combination increased both insulin response and 
      glucagonostatic response. In accordance with theseconsiderations, a dual 
      GIP/GLP-1receptor agonist, i.e., Tirzepatide, known as a "twincretin" had been 
      developed. In the pre-clinical trials, as well as Phase 1-3 clinical trials, 
      Tirzepatideshowedpotent glucose lowering and weight loss effects within an 
      acceptable safety.
FAU - Pelle, Maria Chiara
AU  - Pelle MC
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0463-6650
AD  - Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of 
      Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
FAU - Provenzano, Michele
AU  - Provenzano M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2168-702X
AD  - Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 
      Catanzaro, Italy.
FAU - Zaffina, Isabella
AU  - Zaffina I
AD  - Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of 
      Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
FAU - Pujia, Roberta
AU  - Pujia R
AD  - Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of 
      Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
FAU - Giofre, Federica
AU  - Giofre F
AD  - Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of 
      Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
FAU - Luca, Stefania
AU  - Luca S
AD  - Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of 
      Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
FAU - Andreucci, Michele
AU  - Andreucci M
AD  - Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 
      Catanzaro, Italy.
FAU - Sciacqua, Angela
AU  - Sciacqua A
AD  - Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of 
      Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
FAU - Arturi, Franco
AU  - Arturi F
AD  - Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of 
      Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20211225
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Life (Basel)
JT  - Life (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101580444
PMC - PMC8779403
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - GIP
OT  - hyperglycemia
OT  - pathophysiology
OT  - therapeutics
OT  - twincretin
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/01/22 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/22 06:01
PMCR- 2021/12/25
CRDT- 2022/01/21 01:08
PHST- 2021/11/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/12/18 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/12/21 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/01/21 01:08 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/01/22 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/22 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/12/25 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - life12010029 [pii]
AID - life-12-00029 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/life12010029 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Life (Basel). 2021 Dec 25;12(1):29. doi: 10.3390/life12010029.