PMID- 35056888
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220121
LR  - 20220128
IS  - 1420-3049 (Electronic)
IS  - 1420-3049 (Linking)
VI  - 27
IP  - 2
DP  - 2022 Jan 17
TI  - Spatiotemporal Distribution and Analysis of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in 
      the Environmental Systems: A Review.
LID - 10.3390/molecules27020573 [doi]
LID - 573
AB  - In recent times, there has been a cumulative apprehension regarding 
      organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) owing to their high manufacturing and 
      usage after brominated flame retardants were strictly regulated and banned from 
      being distributed and used in many countries. OPFRs are known as the main organic 
      pollutants in the terrestrial and aquatic environment. They are very dangerous to 
      humans, plants and animals. They are also carcinogenic and some have been 
      implicated in neurodevelopmental and fertility challenges. OPFRs are distributed 
      into the environment through a number of processes, including the usage, improper 
      disposal and production of materials. The solid phase extraction (SPE) method is 
      suggested for the extraction of OPFRs from water samples since it provides high 
      quality recoveries ranging from 67% to 105% and relative standard deviations 
      (RSDs) below 20%. In the same vein, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is highly 
      advocated for the extraction of OPFRs from sediment/soil. Recoveries in the range 
      of 78% to 105% and RSDs ranging from 3% to 8% have been reported. Hence, it is a 
      faster method of extraction for solid samples and only demands a reduced amount 
      of solvent, unlike other methods. The extract of OPFRs from various matrices is 
      then followed by a clean-up of the extract using a silica gel packed column 
      followed by the quantification of compounds by gas chromatography coupled with a 
      mass spectrometer (GC-MS) or a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). In this paper, 
      different analytical methods for the evaluation of OPFRs in different 
      environmental samples are reviewed. The effects and toxicities of these 
      contaminants on humans and other organisms are also discussed.
FAU - Bika, Sinozuko Hope
AU  - Bika SH
AD  - Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
AD  - South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Microbial Water Quality Monitoring 
      Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
FAU - Adeniji, Abiodun Olagoke
AU  - Adeniji AO
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1095-5025
AD  - Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science and 
      Technology, National University of Lesotho, Lesotho P.O. Roma 180, South Africa.
FAU - Okoh, Anthony Ifeanyi
AU  - Okoh AI
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9770-085X
AD  - South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Microbial Water Quality Monitoring 
      Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. 
      Box 27272, United Arab Emirates.
FAU - Okoh, Omobola Oluranti
AU  - Okoh OO
AD  - Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
AD  - South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Microbial Water Quality Monitoring 
      Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
LA  - eng
GR  - UFH/SAMRC/P790/South African Medical Research Council/
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220117
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Molecules
JT  - Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 100964009
SB  - IM
PMC - PMC8780022
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - aquatic environment
OT  - carcinogens
OT  - endocrine system disruptions
OT  - organic pollutants
OT  - organophosphate flame retardants
OT  - toxicity
COIS- The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the 
      publication of this paper.
EDAT- 2022/01/22 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/22 06:01
PMCR- 2022/01/17
CRDT- 2022/01/21 01:15
PHST- 2021/12/04 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/03 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/01/05 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/01/21 01:15 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/01/22 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/22 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/17 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - molecules27020573 [pii]
AID - molecules-27-00573 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/molecules27020573 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Molecules. 2022 Jan 17;27(2):573. doi: 10.3390/molecules27020573.