PMID- 35063046
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220404
LR  - 20230917
IS  - 2769-6677 (Electronic)
IS  - 1559-6109 (Print)
IS  - 1559-6109 (Linking)
VI  - 61
IP  - 2
DP  - 2022 Mar 1
TI  - Intrahepatic Injection of Sodium Pentobarbital as an Alternative to 
      Intraperitoneal Injection for the Euthanasia of Rats (Rattus norvegicus).
PG  - 201-207
LID - 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-21-000094 [doi]
AB  - The most commonly accepted method of rat euthanasia in North America is 
      intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (PB). However, misinjection can 
      occur, and intraperitoneal PB may cause pain and distress. The objective of this 
      study was to test an alternative method of euthanasia: intrahepatic injection of 
      PB. A pilot study was conducted to develop a method of intrahepatic injections 
      (evaluated using CT scans and test injections), followed by a full study 
      comparing intraperitoneal (n = 14) and intrahepatic PB injections (n = 66) in 
      adult rats. Full study outcomes were: 1) time from injection to loss of right- 
      ing reflex (LORR), 2) time from injection to cessation of heartbeat (CHB), 3) 
      number of failed euthanasia attempts, and 4) confirmation of successful 
      intrahepatic injection or misinjection via necropsy. All injections were 
      performed by a veterinary student. CT revealed that intrahepatic injections were 
      feasible. Times (median [range]) to LORR and CHB were faster after successful 
      intrahepatic injections (LORR, 3 s [1 to 5 s]; CHB, 8 s [2 to 242 s]) than after 
      intraperitoneal injections (LORR, 89.5 s [73 to 110 s], CHB: 284.5 s [237 to 423 
      s]). The misinjection rate was higher with intrahepatic injections (59%) than 
      with intraperitoneal injections (29%), but intrahepatic misinjection still 
      resulted in fast and successful euthanasia (LORR, 29 s [1 to 96 s]; CHB, 216 s 
      [12 to 330 s]), with the injectate distributed between the intraperitoneal and 
      intrahepatic locations. The number of failed euthanasia attempts with 
      intrahepatic injections was low (n = 2). Intrahepatic injections show potential 
      as an alternative to intraperitoneal injections for rat euthanasia.
FAU - Laferriere, Colin A
AU  - Laferriere CA
AD  - Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universite de Montreal, 
      SaintHyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
FAU - Leung, Vivian Sy
AU  - Leung VS
AD  - Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universite de Montreal, 
      SaintHyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
FAU - Rousseau-Blass, Frederik
AU  - Rousseau-Blass F
AD  - Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universite de Montreal, 
      SaintHyacinthe, Qu??bec, Canada.
FAU - Lalonde-Robert, Vanessa
AU  - Lalonde-Robert V
AD  - Research Models and Services, Charles River Laboratories, Saint-Constant, Quebec, 
      Canada.
FAU - Pang, Daniel Sj
AU  - Pang DS
AD  - Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit?? de Montr??al, 
      SaintHyacinthe, Qu??bec, Canada.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220121
PL  - United States
TA  - J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci
JT  - Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS
JID - 101269489
RN  - 9NEZ333N27 (Sodium)
RN  - I4744080IR (Pentobarbital)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - *Euthanasia
MH  - Euthanasia, Animal/methods
MH  - Humans
MH  - Injections, Intraperitoneal
MH  - *Pentobarbital
MH  - Pilot Projects
MH  - Rats
MH  - Sodium
PMC - PMC8956212
EDAT- 2022/01/23 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/05 06:00
PMCR- 2022/09/01
CRDT- 2022/01/22 05:32
PHST- 2022/01/23 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/05 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/22 05:32 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/09/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 2022000201 [pii]
AID - 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-21-000094 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2022 Mar 1;61(2):201-207. doi: 
      10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-21-000094. Epub 2022 Jan 21.