PMID- 35099404
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220311
IS  - 1929-0748 (Print)
IS  - 1929-0748 (Electronic)
IS  - 1929-0748 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 1
DP  - 2022 Jan 31
TI  - Assessment of Personal Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution in Different 
      Microenvironments and Traveling by Several Modes of Transportation in Bogota, 
      Colombia: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study (ITHACA).
PG  - e25690
LID - 10.2196/25690 [doi]
LID - e25690
AB  - BACKGROUND: Air pollution in most countries exceeds the levels recommended by the 
      World Health Organization, causing up to one-third of deaths due to 
      noncommunicable diseases. Fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) and black carbon (BC) 
      from mobile sources are the main contaminants. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study 
      is to assess the relationship of exposure to air pollutants (PM(2.5) and BC) in 
      microenvironments according to respiratory health and physical activity in users 
      traveling by different types of transportation in Bogota, Colombia. METHODS: A 
      mixed methods study based on a convergent parallel design will be performed with 
      workers and students. The sample will include 350 healthy transport users 
      traveling by different urban transportation modes in three main routes in Bogota. 
      The study is broken down into two components: (1) a descriptive qualitative 
      component focused on assessing the individual perception of air pollution using 
      semistructured interviews; and (2) a cross-sectional study measuring the 
      individual exposure to PM(2.5) and BC using portable instruments (DustTrak and 
      microAeth, respectively), pulmonary function by spirometry, and physical activity 
      with accelerometry. The analysis will include concurrent triangulation and 
      logistic regression. RESULTS: The findings will be useful for the conception, 
      design, and decision-making process in the sectors of health and mobility from 
      public, academy, and private perspectives. This study includes personal 
      measurements of PM(2.5) and BC during typical trips in the city to assess the 
      exposure to these contaminants in the major roadways in real time. The study 
      further compares the performance of two different lung tests to identify possible 
      short-term respiratory effects. As a limitation, the protocol will include 
      participants from different institutions in the city, which are not necessarily 
      representative of all healthy populations in Bogota. In this sense, it is not 
      possible to draw causation conclusions. Moreover, a convergent parallel design 
      could be especially problematic concerning integration because such a design 
      often lacks a clear plan for making a connection between the two sets of results, 
      which may not be well connected. Nevertheless, this study adopts a procedure for 
      how to integrate qualitative and quantitative data in the interpretation of the 
      results and a multilevel regression. The time that participants must live in the 
      city will be considered; this will be controlled in the stratified analysis. 
      Another limitation is the wide age range and working status of the participants. 
      Regional pollution levels and episodes (PM(2.5)) will be handled as confounding 
      variables. The study is currently in the enrollment phase of the participants. 
      Measurements have been made on 300 participants. Pandemic conditions affected the 
      study schedule; however, the results are likely to be obtained by late 2022. 
      CONCLUSIONS: This study investigates the exposure to air pollutants in 
      microenvironments in Bogota, Colombia. To our knowledge, this is the first mixed 
      methods study focusing on PM(2.5), BC, and respiratory health effects in a city 
      over 2 meters above sea level. This study will provide an integration of air 
      pollution exposure variables and respiratory health effects in different 
      microenvironments. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): 
      PRR1-10.2196/25690.
CI  - (c)Jeadran N Malagon-Rojas, Diana Carolina Pinzon-Silva, Eliana L Parra, Luisa F 
      Lagos M, Yesith Guillermo Toloza-Perez, Luis Jorge Hernandez Florez, Ricardo 
      Morales Betancourt, Sol Angie Romero, Ana Paola Rios Cabra, Olga L Sarmiento. 
      Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols 
      (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 31.01.2022.
FAU - Malagon-Rojas, Jeadran N
AU  - Malagon-Rojas JN
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5801-936X
AD  - Grupo de Salud Ambiental y Laboral, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, 
      Colombia.
AD  - Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia.
FAU - Pinzon-Silva, Diana Carolina
AU  - Pinzon-Silva DC
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6344-4782
AD  - Grupo de Salud Ambiental y Laboral, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, 
      Colombia.
FAU - Parra, Eliana L
AU  - Parra EL
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2745-7997
AD  - Grupo de Salud Ambiental y Laboral, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, 
      Colombia.
FAU - Lagos M, Luisa F
AU  - Lagos M LF
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9714-565X
AD  - Grupo de Salud Ambiental y Laboral, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, 
      Colombia.
FAU - Toloza-Perez, Yesith Guillermo
AU  - Toloza-Perez YG
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9514-7192
AD  - Grupo de Salud Ambiental y Laboral, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, 
      Colombia.
AD  - Maestria en Epidemiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, 
      Colombia.
FAU - Hernandez Florez, Luis Jorge
AU  - Hernandez Florez LJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9812-1107
AD  - Grupo de Investigacion Salud Publica, Educacion y Profesionalismo, Universidad de 
      los Andes, Bogota, Colombia.
FAU - Morales Betancourt, Ricardo
AU  - Morales Betancourt R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5475-8605
AD  - Centro de Investigacion en Ingenieria Ambiental, Universidad de los Andes, 
      Bogota, Colombia.
FAU - Romero, Sol Angie
AU  - Romero SA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8181-3315
AD  - Grupo de Cuidado Cardiorrespiratorio, Universidad Manuela Beltran, Bogota, 
      Colombia.
FAU - Rios Cabra, Ana Paola
AU  - Rios Cabra AP
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9671-6406
AD  - Grupo de Cuidado Cardiorrespiratorio, Universidad Manuela Beltran, Bogota, 
      Colombia.
FAU - Sarmiento, Olga L
AU  - Sarmiento OL
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9190-3568
AD  - Grupo de Epidemiologia EPIANDES, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220131
PL  - Canada
TA  - JMIR Res Protoc
JT  - JMIR research protocols
JID - 101599504
PMC - PMC8845014
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Bogota
OT  - air contamination
OT  - air pollution
OT  - air quality
OT  - black carbon
OT  - exposure to air pollutants
OT  - microenvironments
OT  - mixed methods
OT  - particulate matter
OT  - pollutants
OT  - pollution
OT  - respiratory
OT  - respiratory disease
OT  - toxic
COIS- Conflicts of Interest: None declared.
EDAT- 2022/02/01 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/01 06:01
PMCR- 2022/01/31
CRDT- 2022/01/31 12:15
PHST- 2020/11/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/05/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/04/12 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/01/31 12:15 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/01 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/01 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/31 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - v11i1e25690 [pii]
AID - 10.2196/25690 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - JMIR Res Protoc. 2022 Jan 31;11(1):e25690. doi: 10.2196/25690.