PMID- 35114227 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20220331 LR - 20220401 IS - 1879-1026 (Electronic) IS - 0048-9697 (Linking) VI - 822 DP - 2022 May 20 TI - Associations between exposure to a mixture of phenols, parabens, and phthalates and sex steroid hormones in children 6-19 years from NHANES, 2013-2016. PG - 153548 LID - S0048-9697(22)00640-4 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153548 [doi] AB - BACKGROUND: Humans are typically exposed to mixtures of environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals simultaneously, but most studies have considered only a single chemical or a class of similar chemicals. OBJECTIVES: We examined the association of exposure to mixtures of 7 chemicals, including 2 phenols [bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS)], 2 parabens [methylparaben (MeP) and propyl paraben (PrP)], and 3 phthalate metabolites [Mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono (carboxyoctyl) phthalate (MCOP)] with sex steroid hormones. METHODS: A total of 1179 children aged 6-19 years who had complete data on both 7 chemicals and sex steroid hormones of estradiol (E(2)), total testosterone (TT), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were analyzed from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016. Free androgen index (FAI) calculated by TT/SHBG, and the ratio of TT to E(2) (TT/E(2)) were also estimated. Puberty was defined if TT >/= 50 ng/dL in boys, E(2) >/= 20 pg/mL in girls; otherwise prepuberty was defined. Linear regression, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were performed to estimate the associations of individual chemical or chemical mixtures with sex hormones. RESULTS: The linear regression showed that 2 phenols, 2 parabens, and 3 phthalate metabolites were generally negatively associated with E(2), TT, FAI, and TT/E(2), while positively with SHBG. Moreover, these associations were more pronounced among pubertal than prepubertal children. The aforementioned associations were confirmed when further applying WQS and BKMR, and the 3 phthalates metabolites were identified to be the most heavily weighing chemicals. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to phenols, parabens, and phthalates, either individuals or as a mixture, was negatively associated with E(2), TT, FAI and TT/E(2), while positively with SHBG. Those associations were stronger among pubertal children. CI - Copyright (c) 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V. FAU - Hu, Peipei AU - Hu P AD - Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. FAU - Pan, Chengyu AU - Pan C AD - Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: panchengyu@sjtu.edu.cn. FAU - Su, Weiwei AU - Su W AD - Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China. FAU - Vinturache, Angela AU - Vinturache A AD - Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, Alberta, Canada. FAU - Hu, Yi AU - Hu Y AD - Center for Medical Bioinformatics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. FAU - Dong, Xiaoyan AU - Dong X AD - Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: dongxy@shchildren.com.cn. FAU - Ding, Guodong AU - Ding G AD - Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: dingguodong@shchildren.com.cn. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20220131 PL - Netherlands TA - Sci Total Environ JT - The Science of the total environment JID - 0330500 RN - 0 (Environmental Pollutants) RN - 0 (Gonadal Steroid Hormones) RN - 0 (Parabens) RN - 0 (Phenols) RN - 0 (Phthalic Acids) RN - 6O7F7IX66E (phthalic acid) SB - IM MH - Adolescent MH - Adult MH - Bayes Theorem MH - Child MH - Environmental Exposure MH - *Environmental Pollutants MH - Female MH - Gonadal Steroid Hormones MH - Humans MH - Male MH - Nutrition Surveys MH - Parabens/analysis MH - Phenols MH - *Phthalic Acids MH - Young Adult OTO - NOTNLM OT - Bayesian kernel machine regression OT - Chemical mixtures OT - NHANES OT - Sex steroid hormones OT - Weighted quantile sum regression COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no actual or potential conflicts of interest. EDAT- 2022/02/04 06:00 MHDA- 2022/04/01 06:00 CRDT- 2022/02/03 20:12 PHST- 2021/10/04 00:00 [received] PHST- 2021/12/25 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2022/01/26 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2022/02/04 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2022/04/01 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2022/02/03 20:12 [entrez] AID - S0048-9697(22)00640-4 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153548 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Sci Total Environ. 2022 May 20;822:153548. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153548. Epub 2022 Jan 31.