PMID- 35121261
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220222
LR  - 20220222
IS  - 1090-2414 (Electronic)
IS  - 0147-6513 (Linking)
VI  - 232
DP  - 2022 Mar 1
TI  - Children's exposure to BC and PM pollution, and respiratory tract deposits during 
      commuting trips to school.
PG  - 113253
LID - S0147-6513(22)00093-8 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113253 [doi]
AB  - Although children have been identified as a vulnerable group highly susceptible 
      to traffic-related air pollution, their exposure during school commutes to 
      traffic-related pollutants and the relevant health impact is rarely studied. In 
      this study, we measured black carbon (BC) and particulate matter (PM: PM(1), 
      PM(2.5), and PM(10)) concentrations that children are exposed to during their 
      multi-modal (walking, private cars, and e-bikes) commuting trips to schools in 
      Xi'an, China. A multi-parameter inhalation rate assessment model was developed in 
      combination with the Multi-Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD) model to quantify the 
      deposition dose in different parts of children's respiratory system (head, 
      tracheobronchial (TB), pulmonary (PUL)). Results show that walking to school 
      exposed children to the lowest PM(1), PM(2.5), and BC concentrations, whereas 
      riding an e-bike led to significantly elevated exposure to PM(1) and BC than the 
      other two modes. This is due to children's closer proximity to vehicle tail pipe 
      emissions when they bike to school on road or roadside. The PM and BC 
      concentrations showed remarkable increases in comparison to background 
      concentrations during children's school commutes. Urban background (UB) 
      concentration, traffic volume (TV), time of day, and meteorological parameters 
      could influence a child's personal exposure, and the impact of each factor vary 
      across different transportation modes. Particle size of the pollutant affects its 
      deposition site in the respiratory system. Deposition fractions (DFs) and 
      deposition doses in the head region (DF > 50%) were the highest for PM and BC, 
      for which fine particles (BC, PM(1), and PM(2.5)) were then most easily deposited 
      in the PUL region while coarse particles rarely reach PUL. Children inhaled 
      higher doses of polluted air during active commuting (walking) than passive 
      commuting (private cars, e-bikes), due to longer times of exposure coupled with 
      more active breathing.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Gao, Jingwen
AU  - Gao J
AD  - School of Automobile, Chang'an University, Chang'an Road, Xi'an 710064 Shaanxi, 
      PR China.
FAU - Qiu, Zhaowen
AU  - Qiu Z
AD  - School of Automobile, Chang'an University, Chang'an Road, Xi'an 710064 Shaanxi, 
      PR China. Electronic address: qzw@chd.edu.cn.
FAU - Cheng, Wen
AU  - Cheng W
AD  - China National Heavy Duty Truck Group Co., Ltd. (SINOTRUK), Huaao Road, Jinan, 
      250101 Shandong, PR China.
FAU - Gao, H Oliver
AU  - Gao HO
AD  - School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University 468 Hollister 
      Hall, Ithaca, 14853 NY, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220201
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
JT  - Ecotoxicology and environmental safety
JID - 7805381
RN  - 0 (Air Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Particulate Matter)
RN  - 0 (Vehicle Emissions)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Air Pollutants/analysis
MH  - *Air Pollution/analysis
MH  - Child
MH  - Environmental Exposure/analysis
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/methods
MH  - Humans
MH  - Lung/chemistry
MH  - Particle Size
MH  - Particulate Matter/analysis
MH  - Schools
MH  - Transportation
MH  - Vehicle Emissions/analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - BC and PM exposure
OT  - Children
OT  - Commuting to school
OT  - Deposition dose
EDAT- 2022/02/06 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/23 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/05 05:41
PHST- 2021/09/21 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/23 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/01/25 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/23 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/02/05 05:41 [entrez]
AID - S0147-6513(22)00093-8 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113253 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2022 Mar 1;232:113253. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113253. 
      Epub 2022 Feb 1.