PMID- 35122936 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20220422 LR - 20220422 IS - 1879-176X (Electronic) IS - 0300-5712 (Linking) VI - 119 DP - 2022 Apr TI - Lithium disilicate and zirconia reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramics for CAD/CAM dental restorations: biocompatibility, mechanical and microstructural properties after crystallization. PG - 104054 LID - S0300-5712(22)00111-7 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104054 [doi] AB - OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to define the impact of heating rate on the crystal growth, the mechanical properties, and the biocompatibility of three different kinds of CAD/CAM glass-ceramics treated with a conventional furnace. METHODS: Lithium disilicate (IPS EMax-CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent) (LS(2)) and two zirconia reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) ceramics (Vita Suprinity PC, VITA Zahnfabrik; Celtra Duo, Dentsply Sirona) (ZLSS; ZLSC) were used. The mechanical properties and the crystal growth were evaluated on 42 specimens (n = 14 per group). The thermal treatments recommended by the manufacturers were carried out. All groups were tested for fracture toughness (Ft) and Vickers hardness (Hv). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken after a slight surface etching with hydrofluoric acid solution (1% for 20 s). Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) was performed and cellular adhesion with human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) culture was qualitatively assayed. Data were analyzed with Repeated Measurements ANOVA and ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test. RESULTS: The crystals' mean size (+/-SD) after heat treatment was 1650.0 (+/-340.0) nm for LS(2), 854.5 (+/-155.0) nm for ZLSS and 759.9 (+/-118.4) nm for ZLSC (p < 0.05 among the groups). As consequence of crystallization, the Hv was 6.1 +/- 0.3 GPa for LS(2), 7.6 +/- 0.7 GPa for ZLSS and 7.1 +/- 0.5 GPa for ZLSC (p < 0.05 for LS(2) vs ZLSS and ZLSC), while the Ft was 2.2 +/- 0.1 MPa m(1/2) for LS(2), 4.7 +/- 0.8 MPa m(1/2) for ZLSS and 3.8 +/- 0.6 MPa m(1/2) for ZLSC (p < 0.05 among the groups). The DTA curves showed a crystallization process for LS(2), ZLSS and ZLSC at a temperature range 810-840 degrees C. The amount of adherent hPDLSCs was superior on LS(2) than on ZLS. CONCLUSIONS: All the CAD/CAM materials can be properly crystallized if heat treated following the manufacturers' instructions. The crystallization process highly depends on temperature. ZLS glass ceramics show significantly inferior crystals dimensions and higher fracture toughness and Vickers hardness than LS(2) ceramic. hPDLSCs cultured on LS(2) have a superior adhesion than those cultured on ZLS. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The value of this study relies on the demonstration that a proper heat-treatment of CAD/CAM lithium disilicate and ZLS glass ceramics generates products that are suitable for clinical use . The differences highlightable in mechanical properties and biocompatibility behavior do not affect their successful clinical application. CI - Copyright (c) 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd. FAU - Mavriqi, Luan AU - Mavriqi L AD - Department of Dentistry, Albanian University, Tirana 1001, Albania. FAU - Valente, Francesco AU - Valente F AD - Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy. FAU - Murmura, Giovanna AU - Murmura G AD - Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy. FAU - Sinjari, Bruna AU - Sinjari B AD - Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy. FAU - Macri, Monica AU - Macri M AD - Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy. FAU - Trubiani, Oriana AU - Trubiani O AD - Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy. FAU - Caputi, Sergio AU - Caputi S AD - Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy. FAU - Traini, Tonino AU - Traini T AD - Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy. Electronic address: tonino.traini@unich.it. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20220202 PL - England TA - J Dent JT - Journal of dentistry JID - 0354422 RN - 0 (Silicates) RN - 0 (lithia disilicate) RN - 12001-21-7 (Dental Porcelain) RN - 85422-94-2 (Glass ceramics) RN - 9FN79X2M3F (Lithium) RN - C6V6S92N3C (Zirconium) RN - S38N85C5G0 (zirconium oxide) SB - IM MH - Ceramics/chemistry MH - Computer-Aided Design MH - Crystallization MH - *Dental Porcelain/chemistry MH - Humans MH - *Lithium MH - Materials Testing MH - Silicates MH - Surface Properties MH - Zirconium/chemistry OTO - NOTNLM OT - Biocompatibility OT - Crystallization OT - Differential thermal analysis OT - Glass-ceramics OT - Lithium disilicate OT - ZLS EDAT- 2022/02/06 06:00 MHDA- 2022/04/23 06:00 CRDT- 2022/02/05 20:12 PHST- 2021/11/09 00:00 [received] PHST- 2021/12/31 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2022/01/31 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2022/02/06 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2022/04/23 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2022/02/05 20:12 [entrez] AID - S0300-5712(22)00111-7 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104054 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - J Dent. 2022 Apr;119:104054. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104054. Epub 2022 Feb 2.